Social Science

Groundnut (peanut) is among the highest oil-producing crops, yielding approximately 40-50% oil by weight. Sunflower and mustard also produce significant oil but less than groundnut. India is a major groundnut producer, and its oil is widely used in cooking and food processing globally.

Rajgir (Girivrajapur) was the earliest capital of the Magadha kingdom. It served as the capital during the reign of Bimbisara and Ajatashatru. Later, the capital was shifted to Pataliputra (modern-day Patna) by Udayin. Vaishali was a republican confederacy, not the Magadhan capital.

The asthenosphere is the ductile, highly viscous layer of the upper mantle on which the lithospheric plates float. It extends from about 100-330 km depth. Its plasticity allows tectonic plates to move. The mesosphere is the lower mantle, barysphere is another term for the Earth's core, and these terms help us understand Earth's internal structure.

The Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) was formed in 1942 under Subhas Chandra Bose's leadership in Southeast Asia. While there is historical debate about whether 1942 or 1943 should be considered the formation year (depending on whether we count the earlier INA under Mohan Singh or the reorganized INA under Bose), standard curriculum textbooks typically cite 1942 as the formation year.

The Earth's mantle constitutes about 84 percent of Earth's total volume, making it the layer that forms the major part by volume. The core forms a significant mass portion, but the mantle dominates the volume.

The President of India appoints the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, as with all state Governors, under Article 157 of the Constitution. This is a constitutional appointment made by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers.

The Gandhara School of art flourished during the Kushan period, particularly under Emperor Kanishka (1st-2nd century CE). This school was influenced by Greco-Roman art styles and is known for its distinctive Buddha sculptures with realistic features and drapery.

State Ministers receive salaries determined by the state legislature under Article 164 of the Indian Constitution. The legislature has the power to make laws regarding ministers' salaries, allowances, and other privileges. Neither the Governor nor Parliament has this authority.

Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana (death) in the Malla Mahajanapada at Kushinagara (modern-day Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh). The Mallas were the rulers of this region when Buddha died at age 80.

Gandhi first developed and implemented Satyagraha in South Africa (1893-1914) to fight racist policies against Indians. The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was his first major use of this method in India. Bardoli (1928) came later.

Cyclones occur in the Bay of Bengal. Tornadoes are rare in India, while Willy-Willy is a term for tropical cyclones in the Australia/Western Pacific region. The Bay of Bengal is prone to severe tropical cyclones, especially during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons.

The Rigveda is the oldest Veda, composed around 1500-1200 BCE. It consists of 10 books (mandalas) containing 1,028 hymns dedicated to various deities. The Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda were composed later.

Corbett Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand is India's largest tiger reserve, covering approximately 1,288 sq km. Established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, it was India's first national park and named after hunter-conservationist Jim Corbett.

Gol Gumbaz is located in Bijapur, Karnataka. Built in 1656, it houses the tomb of Mohammed Adil Shah and features the world's second-largest dome, unsupported by pillars. Its famous 'whispering gallery' allows sound to echo 7-8 times.

Jharkhand has India's largest coal reserves, primarily in the Damodar Valley. Major coalfields include Jharia, Bokaro, Ramgarh, and Giridih. While Odisha and Chhattisgarh also have significant coal, Jharkhand leads in proven coal reserves.

The Planning Commission was a non-constitutional advisory body that provided recommendations to the Government of India on economic development and planning matters. It was not a ministry or a government department with executive powers - it only had an advisory role.

The Gibson Desert is located in central Western Australia and is one of the major deserts in the Australian outback. The Sonoran Desert is in North America (Mexico-US border region), and the Patagonian Desert is in South America (Argentina and Chile).

According to Indian labor laws, including the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, the minimum age for employment in hazardous occupations like factories and mines is 14 years. This law aims to protect children from dangerous working conditions.

Justice M. Hidayatullah served as Acting President of India twice - first in 1969 after President Zakir Husain's death, and again in 1977-1978 when President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed died and the Prime Minister was seeking re-election. This is a unique historical instance of a Chief Justice acting as President.

The tertiary sector consists of service-based activities like transport, trade, banking, and insurance. Electricity generation and distribution belongs to the secondary sector as it involves producing and supplying a tangible utility through industrial processes, not providing services.