Animal Tissues

Connective tissues are fibrous tissues. They are made up of cells separated by non-living material, which is called extracellular matrix. Connective tissue gives shape to organs and holds them in place. Both blood and bones are examples of connective tissues.

Myosin and actin are filamentous protein molecules contained in muscles. In the presence of calcium ions  myosin and actin  slide past each other and form cross-bridges, thereby contracting the muscle.

Histopathology, is the microscopic study of the diseased tissue.It refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.

Chondroitin is a molecule that occurs naturally in the body. It is a major component of cartilage. Chondroitin helps to keep cartilage healthy by absorbing fluid particularly water into the connective tissue. It may also block enzymes that break down cartilage, and it provides the building blocks for the body to produce new cartilage.

Neutrophils are active in phagocytosis and defend us against harmful viruses, bacteria and other foreign intruders. Bones do not perform phagocytosis.

Cartilage is a type of connective tissues composed of special cells known as chondrocytes along with collagen or yellow elastic fibres. The fibres and the cells are embedded in a firm gel like matrix rich in mucopolysaccharides. Cartilage is not as hard and rigid as bone. It is much more flexible and elastic.

A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signalling. Chemical signalling occurs via synapses, specialized connections with other cells/

Another type of connective tissue is  Fibrous Connective Tissue,. It is composed of large amounts of closely packed collagenous fibres.

Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates. The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell form and helps to identify the type of epithelium. They form the lining of cavities such as the mouth, blood vessels, heart and lungs, and make up the outer layers of the skin.

Chondrocytes are the only cells found in cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans.

Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the interior of bones. In humans, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. It constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans, i.e. , approximately 2.6 kg (5.7 lbs.) in adults weighing 65 kg or 143 lbs. Bone marrow also prevents the backflow of lymph, working as a vital part of the lymphatic system.

All above are the types of muscle tissues.

Osteology is the scientific study of bones. It is a detailed study of the structure of bones, skeletal elements, teeth, morphology, functions, diseases  and pathology.

All of the above are the functions of epithelial tissues.

Cartilage has no blood vessels or lymphatics and the nutrition of the cells diffuses through the matrix. This explains the slow  healing  in cartilages.

The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle cell (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle). It consists of a true cell membrane, called the plasma membrane, and an outer coat made up of a thin layer of polysaccharide material that contains numerous thin collagen fibrils.

The perichondrium is a layer of dense irregular connective tissues which surrounds the cartilage of developing bones. It consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibres.

The epimysium is the outermost layer of dense, irregular, connective tissue that surrounds and holds muscles in the body. It is continuous with the perimysium and endomysium of a muscle. The primary function of the epimysium is to combine with these other muscular connective tissues to form a thick, collagenous cord of tissue known as a tendon.

Myoglobin is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals. It is related to hemoglobin, which is the iron- and oxygen-binding protein in blood, specifically in the red blood cells.

In all the above body disorders, shark cartilage is used.

Secretin is a hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum, and also separately, water homeostasis throughout the body. It is produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkühn.

These fibres are also called slow twitch or slow oxidative fibres.They contain large amounts of myoglobin, many mitochondria and many blood capillaries. Type I fibres are red, split ATP at a slow rate, have a slow contraction velocity, very resistant to fatigue and have a high capacity to generate ATP by oxidative metabolic processes. Such fibres are found in large numbers in the postural muscles of the neck.

Transitional epithelium is also called urothelium, is a stratified epithelium lining the distensible walls of the urinary tract. The name transitional derives from this tissue's ability to change its shape from cuboidal to squamous when stretched.

Achondroplasia occurs as a sporadic mutation in approximately 85% of cases (associated with advanced paternal age) or may be inherited in an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is a common cause of dwarfism.