Disorders of Immune System

Hypogammaglobulinemia is a type of immune disorder characterized by a reduction in all types of gamma globulins. Hypogammaglobulinemia is a characteristic of common variable immunodeficiency.

Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory, chronically relapsing, non-contagious and pruritic skin disorder.The skin of a patient with atopic dermatitis reacts abnormally and easily to irritants, food, and environmental allergens and becomes red, flaky and very itchy.

Aplastic anemia is a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells.Typically, anemia refers to low red blood cell counts, but aplastic anemia patients have lower counts of all three blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, termed pancytopenia.

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome is a form of lymphoproliferative disorder. It affects lymphocyte apoptosis. ALPS results from mutations in the human genes, Fas and FasL, which are upstream effectors of the apoptotic pathway in cells.

Uveitis specifically refers to inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, termed the uvea but in common usage may refer to any inflammatory process involving the interior of the eye.

Bickerstaff's encephalitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, first described by Edwin Bickerstaff. It may also affect the peripheral nervous system, and has features in common with both Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis is a rare condition in which the bones have lesions, inflammation, and pain. Its definition is evolving. It is an autoimmune disease that has symptoms similar to osteomyelitis, but without the infection.

Cold agglutinin disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of high concentrations of circulating antibodies, usually IgM, directed against red blood cells. It is a form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, specifically one in which antibodies only bind red blood cells at low body temperatures, typically 28-31°C.

Dressler's syndrome is a secondary form of pericarditis that occurs in the setting of injury to the heart or the pericardium .It consists of a triad of features, fever, pleuritic pain and pericardial effusion.

Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach, and has many possible causes. The main acute causes are excessive alcohol consumption or prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (also known as NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen.

Erythema nodosum is an inflammation of the fat cells under the skin (panniculitis) characterized by tender red nodules or lumps that are usually seen on both shins.It is an immunologic response to a variety of different causes.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones (a serious metabolic imbalance known as hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis). This is caused by autoantibodies (TSHR-Ab) that activate the TSH-receptor (TSHR), thereby stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, and thyroid growth (causing a diffusely enlarged goiter).

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that is characterised by muscle weakness of the limbs. It is the result of an autoimmune reaction, where antibodies are formed against voltage-gated calcium channels in the neuromuscular junction .

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed by a variety of cell and antibody mediated immune processes.

Lupoid hepatitis is an auto-immune disease which causes liver cirrhosis. It maybe associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or other connective tissue disorders. 60% of patients have chronic hepatitis that may mimic viral hepatitis, but without serologic evidence of a viral infection.

In medicine, mixed connective tissue disease is an autoimmune disease, in which the body's defence system attacks itself. It was characterized in 1972.

Neonatal lupus erythematosus is the occurrence of SLE symptoms in an infant born from a mother with SLE, most commonly presenting with a rash resembling discoid lupus erythematosus, and sometimes with systemic abnormalities such as heart block or hepatosplenomegaly.

Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disorder of unknown causes which appears to be the result of an autoimmune process involving the nervous system. It is an extremely rare condition, affecting as few as 1 in 10,000,000 people per year. It affects 2 to 3% of children with neuroblastoma.

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms.

Neuromyelitis optica is an autoimmune, inflammatory disorder in which a person's own immune system attacks the optic nerves and spinal cord. This produces an inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis) and the spinal cord (myelitis).

Interstitial cystitis is a chronic, oftentimes severely debilitating disease of the urinary bladder. It is characterised by: pain associated with the bladder, pain associated with urination (dysuria), urinary frequency (as often as every 10 minutes), urgency, and/or pressure in the bladder and/or pelvis.

Pernicious anemia is one of many types of the larger family of megaloblastic anemias. It is caused by loss of gastric parietal cells, and subsequent inability to absorb vitamin B_12.

Polymyalgia rheumatica is a syndrome with pain or stiffness, usually in the neck, shoulders, and hips. The pain can be very sudden, or can occur gradually over a period of time. It may be caused by an inflammatory condition of blood vessels, muscle biopsies, however, are normal.