Indian National Movement

The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was started by the Ali brothers - Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Maulana Shaukat Ali - to protest against the dismantling of the Ottoman Caliphate after World War I. It was an important movement that united Indian Muslims and collaborated with the Non-Cooperation Movement.

The Poona Pact was signed on September 24, 1932, between Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi. It was an agreement on reserved seats for the Depressed Classes in the provincial legislatures, replacing the separate electorate granted by the Communal Award.

Gandhi returned to India in January 1915 after spending over two decades in South Africa. This marked the beginning of his active involvement in the Indian freedom struggle, where he applied the satyagraha methods he had developed.

Hind Swaraj was written by Mahatma Gandhi in 1909 while he was sailing from London to South Africa. It outlines his political philosophy and critique of Western civilization, advocating for self-rule and nonviolent resistance.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was called off by Gandhi in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident where protesters set fire to a police station killing 22 policemen. Gandhi felt the movement had turned violent and violated his principles of nonviolent satyagraha.

The Inland Emigration Act was passed in 1859. It required plantation workers to carry a pass and made it difficult for them to leave their jobs without permission, effectively binding them to their employers.

Anand Math was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterji in 1882. The novel featured the song 'Vande Mataram' which later became a rallying cry for Indian nationalists during the freedom struggle.

The satyagraha for plantation workers was held in Champaran, Bihar in 1917. It was Gandhi's first major satyagraha in India where he fought against the oppressive indigo plantation system and forced the government to appoint a committee to address peasant grievances.

Gandhi broke the Salt Law on April 6, 1930 during the Salt March (Dandi March). He picked up salt from the sea shore, defying the British monopoly on salt production and taxation, which sparked mass civil disobedience across India.

Purna Swaraj (complete independence) was demanded in the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress in December 1929. The session was presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru and it was declared that January 26, 1930 would be celebrated as Independence Day.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed on March 5, 1931. This agreement between Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin led to the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement and the participation of Congress representatives in the Round Table Conferences.

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on April 13, 1919 when British troops led by General Dyer fired on a peaceful gathering of unarmed Indians in Amritsar, killing hundreds. This incident marked a turning point in the freedom struggle and intensified nationalist sentiment.

Baba Ramchandra led the Non-Cooperation Movement in Awadh (region in present-day Uttar Pradesh). He was a sanyasi who organized peasants and workers against landlords and the British, mobilizing them through religious symbols and peasant grievances.

 An autonomous Dalit leadership in India has always been perceived as
synonymous to the leadership of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Though, it is a well-known fact
that Dr. Ambedkar was the first Dalit leader who had an all India following, the
autonomous Dalit Leadership of several varieties existed much before he came on the
horizon of the Dalit liberation.

The satyagraha against high land revenue by peasants was organized in Kheda, Gujarat in 1918. Gandhi supported the peasants who were suffering from famine and could not pay the high taxes demanded by the British, leading to the suspension of revenue collection.

Ahmedabad is correct because Gandhi led the cotton mill workers' satyagraha there in 1918, fighting for higher wages and better working conditions. Kheda was for peasants, Champaran was for indigo farmers.

1922 is correct because Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri Chaura incident of February 1922, where protesters turned violent, which went against his principles of non-violence.

Vernacular Press Act (1878) is correct because it specifically gave the British authorities power to censor vernacular newspapers and require them to post bonds, targeting Indian-language press that criticized colonial rule.

Annie Besant is correct because she established the Home Rule League in 1916 (along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak who started a separate branch), demanding self-rule for India within the British Empire.

Rowlatt Act (1919) is correct because it allowed the British to arrest and detain political activists without trial for up to 2 years, suppressing civil liberties. The question has a typo ('for free trial' should be 'without trial').

Racial discrimination is correct because Gandhi's satyagraha in South Africa (1893-1914) primarily fought against racist laws targeting Indians, such as registration certificates and restrictions on movement.

Motilal Nehru and C.R.Das is correct because they founded the Swaraj Party in 1923 after the Non-Cooperation Movement ended, advocating for entry into legislative councils to fight for change from within.

December 1931 is correct because the Second Round Table Conference was held in London from September to December 1931, with Gandhi attending as the sole Congress representative.

Abanindranath Tagore is correct because his famous 1905 painting 'Bharat Mata' depicted the motherland as a saffron-clad woman embodying learning, sustenance, and beauty, becoming an iconic symbol of the nationalist movement.

Natesa Shastri is correct because he compiled and published 'The Folk Tales of Southern India' in four volumes during the 1890s, preserving Tamil oral folklore traditions in print.