GK Indian History

Mohammad Muazzam took the title Bahadur Shah I upon succeeding his father Aurangzeb in 1707. He was the eldest surviving son of Aurangzeb and ruled briefly from 1707-1712.

The Padshahnama (Chronicle of the Emperor) is an illustrated manuscript that documents the first decade of Shah Jahan's reign (1628-1638). It's a key historical source for his period.

Kalidasa, the greatest poet and dramatist of Classical Sanskrit, composed all his works in Sanskrit. His famous works include Abhijnanasakuntalam, Meghaduta, and Raghuvamsa.

Mardana was Guru Nanak's lifelong companion and personal musician (rabab player). He accompanied Guru Nanak on all his major travels (udasis) and was his first Muslim follower.

Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate in 1510, establishing it as the Portuguese capital in Asia. He was the second Portuguese Governor of the Portuguese Indies.

Banda Singh Bahadur (originally Madho Das) was a Sikh ascetic whom Guru Gobind Singh met at Nanded in 1708. He was appointed as military commander to lead the Sikh resistance against the Mughals.

Anandpur Sahib was founded by Guru Tegh Bahadur (the ninth Guru) and developed by Guru Gobind Singh. It was NOT associated with Guru Nanak's lifetime (1469-1539). Guru Nanak was associated with Talwandi (birthplace), Sultanpur Lodhi (employment), and Kartarpur (where he settled).

Following the British annexation of Punjab in 1849 under the Treaty of Lahore, the young Maharaja Duleep Singh was forced to hand over the famous Kohinoor Diamond to Queen Victoria.

The Adi Granth (first version of Guru Granth Sahib) was compiled by Guru Arjun Dev in 1604 at Amritsar. It included hymns of the first five Sikh Gurus and various Hindu and Muslim saints.

Baba Buddha Ji (1506-1631) was appointed the first Granthi (head priest) of Harmandir Sahib. He had the unique distinction of serving the first six Sikh Gurus and was responsible for applying tilak to five of them.

Guru Ram Das (the 4th Sikh Guru) founded Amritsar in 1574. He began construction of the Harmandir Sahib and the sacred tank (sarovar). The city was originally named Ramdaspur.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak famously declared 'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it' in 1908. This slogan became the rallying cry of India's independence movement during the aggressive phase of nationalism.

Warren Hastings served as the first Governor-General of Bengal from 1773 to 1785 under the Regulating Act of 1773. This effectively made him the first British Governor General in India. The Governor-Generalship of India (as opposed to just Bengal) came later with the Charter Act of 1833. William Bentinck, Cornwallis, and Minto were all later Governors General.

'Delhi Chalo' (On to Delhi) was the rallying cry of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) in 1944-45. It symbolized their march toward Delhi to liberate India from British rule. The Quit India Movement (1942) had 'Do or Die' as its slogan, while the Salt March (1930) is associated with 'Salt Satyagraha'. The All India States People's Conference focused on princely states' integration.

The Battle of Plassey (1757) was decisively won by the British primarily due to the betrayal by Mir Jafar, the Commander-in-Chief of Siraj-ud-Daulah's army. Mir Jafar conspired with the British and deliberately withheld his forces from the battle. While Clive's leadership was important and French withdrawal helped, Mir Jafar's treachery was the decisive factor that turned the battle. This victory marked the beginning of British political dominance in Bengal.

The Rowlatt Act (officially the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919) was passed in March 1919. It allowed the British government to imprison suspected revolutionaries without trial for up to 2 years. This repressive act led to nationwide protests and was a direct trigger for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Mahatma Gandhi launched the first nationwide satyagraha against this act, marking a turning point in the freedom struggle.

C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) was often called the 'conscience keeper' of Mahatma Gandhi because he would openly disagree with Gandhi when he felt Gandhi was making a mistake, while remaining deeply loyal to Gandhian principles. He was known for his frank counsel and moral clarity. When Rajaji opposed the Quit India Movement (believing it would weaken India's bargaining position), he demonstrated this independent conscience. Others like Tagore were respected critics, but Rajaji had the closest Gandhian connection.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, responsible for drafting India's Constitution. He was also the chief architect who presented and defended the Constitution before the Assembly. While Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel handled the integration of princely states and Nehru was the Prime Minister, Ambedkar's legal expertise and drafting skills made him the natural choice for this crucial role. The committee had 7 members, but Ambedkar did the bulk of the work.

The First Round Table Conference (1930-31) was boycotted by the Indian National Congress because many leaders (including Gandhi) were in jail after the Civil Disobedience Movement. Those who attended included representatives from princely states, minorities (Muslims, Sikhs, depressed classes), and liberal politicians, but NOT major Congress leaders like Nehru, Gandhi, or Jinnah. Jinnah attended the Second RTC (1931) but was disillusioned by then. Since none of the named leaders attended the First RTC, 'None of these' is correct.

Jawaharlal Nehru was the President of the Indian National Congress at the Lahore Session of December 1929 when 'Poorna Swaraj' (Complete Independence) was declared as the official objective of the Congress. This session marked the shift from demanding dominion status to demanding full independence. The Declaration of Independence was issued on January 26, 1930, and was celebrated as Independence Day until 1947. Motilal Nehru (Jawaharlal's father) was a leader of the Swaraj Party but was President in 1919 and 1928, not 1929.

The Non-Cooperation Movement was officially launched by Mahatma Gandhi in September 1920 under the auspices of the Indian National Congress to protest against British rule in India.

Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, presented the 3rd June Plan (Mountbatten Plan) in 1947 for the partition of India into India and Pakistan. This plan laid out the mechanism for partition, including the creation of a Boundary Commission under Radcliffe. The Muslim League had passed the Pakistan Resolution in 1940, but it was Mountbatten who presented the actual partition plan. Lord Wavell (previous Viceroy) had proposed the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) for a united India with grouping of provinces, which was rejected by the Congress.

Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee (W.C. Bonnerjee) was the first President of the Indian National Congress at its inaugural session in Bombay in 1885. A.O. Hume was the founder and organizer of the Congress but did not serve as President - his role was that of a British civil servant sympathetic to Indian political aspirations. Rajendra Prasad was a much later President (independent India's first President). Jawaharlal Nehru became President in 1929 (Lahore session) and 1936-37, but was not the first.

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 during the colonial era. It emerged as a political platform to represent Indian interests and eventually led the independence movement. The other dates (1880, 1897, 1990) are historically incorrect for INC's formation.