Human Respiratory System and Related Disorders (MP D...
Covers pulmonary anatomy, lung physiology including volumes and gas exchange mechanisms, respiratory diseases such as asthma, fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis, and diagnostic approaches for respiratory disorders.
Questions
Which of the following regulate(s) the mechanism of breathing through deepening the inhale?
- Peripheral chemoreceptors
- Central chemoreceptors
- Nasopulmonary and nasothoracic reflexes
- Spinal cord reflex
- Hering-Breuer reflex
A five year old child was diagnosed with bronchial eosinophilia. Which of the following statements about bronchial eosinophilia due to Aspergillus fumigatus is true?
- Patients usually have chronic asthma.
- Fungus is nearly always seen on the chest X-ray.
- Serum IgE levels are usually low or normal.
- Precipitating antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus are rarely found.
- Eosinophils are never found in mucus plugs.
The lungs are among the hardest-working organs in the human body. Nerves, pulmonary vessels and bronchi in mammals enter the lungs at the
- base
- trachea
- mediastinum
- hilum
- apex
Fibrosing alveolitis is characterised by inflammation, damage and progressive fibrosis of the lungs. Which of the following statements about idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis is correct?
- Patients are usually young.
- Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are positive in 90% of patients at presentation.
- 50% of patients die within 6 months of diagnosis.
- A chest X-ray can show a 'ground-glass' appearance.
- Lung transplantation is never effective in such patients.
The abductor muscles compress the lungs during which of the following processes?
- Inspiration
- Expiration
- Convection
- Diffusion
- Perfusion
In mammals, which of the following is regarded as the balance point between the inward elastic recoil of the lungs and the outward elastic recoil of the chest wall?
- Expiratory reserve volume
- Inspiratory capacity
- Vital capacity
- Total lung capacity
- Functional residual capacity
In human beings, the pulmonary artery carries venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. It originates from the
- septomarginal trabecula
- conus arteriosus
- crista terminalis
- limbus of the fossa ovalis
- fossa ovalis
Select the correct statement regarding airways and lung alveoli.
- The mucus lining the upper airways is mainly produced by mucosal glands.
- The cartilage in the walls of trachea, bronchi and bronchioles prevents them from disrupting.
- The small diameter airways are the main sites of airways resistance.
- The upper airways play a crucial role in protecting the lungs from airborne particles.
- The alveoli are the only sites of gas exchange.
In living organisms, gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the plasma membrane mainly by
- passive diffusion through the lipid bilayer
- primary active transport
- specific gas transport proteins known as cotransporters
- secondary active transport
- proton pumps
The respiratory quotient is a dimensionless number used to calculate the basal metabolic rate. Which of the following substances has the highest value of RQ?
- Oxalic acid
- Tartaric acid
- Malic acid
- Tripalmitin
- Oleic acid
Which of the following events is not involved in asthma?
- Blocking activation of mast cells with a monoclonal antibody to IgE can give clinical benefit.
- Adrenaline is always used to reverse bronchoconstriction in mild asthmatics.
- Upregulation of VCAM-1 results in infiltration of eosinophils.
- Epithelial cell activation occurs.
- Activation of Th1cells occurs.
Lung capacity is defined as the maximum air which can be held in the lungs at any given time. Which among the following has the minimum value?
- Alveolar air
- Residual air
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- Expiratory reserve volume
- Vital capacity
The skin prick allergy test is used to find the cause of certain allergies. Which of the following statements about skin prick testing is false?
- It is a useful diagnostic test for respiratory allergy.
- It is good for food allergy.
- It can cause an anaphylactic reaction.
- It is more reliable than specific IgE tests for hypersensitivity to an allergen.
- It can detect type I hypersensitivity reactions.
Which of the following statements is correct about ventilation and gaseous exchange of mammals?
- Inspired air is dried in the nasal cavity.
- The anatomical dead space is independent of the tidal volume.
- In an upright lung, the alveolar ventilation is maximum at the base.
- The ventilation ratio for an organism in a sitting position decreases with distance above the base of the lung.
- The anatomical dead space is the volume of air taken in during a breath that does not enter the alveoli.
The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for maintaining sound production in humans. The movement of which of the following muscles causes abducted vocal folds?
- Posterior cricoarytenoid
- Lateral cricoarytenoid
- Transverse arytenoid
- Oblique arytenoid
- Cricothyroid
The Adam's apple is a forward protrusion of the largest cartilage of the larynx. Which of the following cartilages form(s) the Adam's apple?
- Cricoid cartilage
- Corniculate cartilages
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cuneiform cartilages
- Arytenoid cartilages
After a complete medical checkup, the doctor told Mrs. Savita that her daughter is suffering from a genetic disease of the respiratory system in which the mucus does not clear easily from the airways. The doctor is referring to which of the following diseases?
- Pleural effusion
- Pleurisy
- Bronchiectasis
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)
- Cystic fibrosis
Which of the following structures is responsible for warming and moistening the inhaled air in human beings?
- The laryngopharynx
- The oropharynx
- The larynx
- The nasopharynx
- The nasal cavity
Which of the following respiratory sounds is/are caused by a narrowed or obstructed airway?
- Stridor
- Pleural rub
- Crackles
- Rhonchi
- Wheezing