Human Sense Organs and Related Diseases (MP DMAT)

The nasopharynx begins at the level of the skull base.

The alar cartilage forms the lateral margin of the nose.

Sympathetic ophthalmia is a bilateral diffuse granulomatous uveitis of both eyes following trauma to one eye.

Ophthalmopathy due to thyrotoxicosis does not involve the uveal tract.

Cornea is the avascular, transparent covering of the anterior chamber of the eye.

Squamous epithelium lines a small part of the entrance to the nasal cavity. Cilia help maintain the ‘mucus blanket’ that protects the nasal mucosa.

Unilateral polyps in children need urgent investigation.

Nasal septal deviation is common, and often asymptomatic. Asymptomatic septal deviation causes nasal obstruction and predisposes the patient to sinusitis and to epistaxis due to drying air currents.

Schirmer's test involves a small piece of sterile filter paper placed well above the lower lid; failure to wet 10 mm of the paper in 5 min indicates defective tear production that may be due to keratoconjunctivitis.

The mucus has a protective effect and helps filter inspired particles. Mucus production can be greatly increased in rhinitis.

Adenovirus is the commonest cause of conjunctivitis in Europe, with herpes simplex virus a close second.

Abducens is the sixth cranial nerve which innervates the external rectus muscle of the eye ball. It is responsible for turning the eye outwards.

Choroid is a thin vascular layer between the sclera and the retina. It is the posterior portion of the uveal tract and is a high-flow vascular tissue. It contains blood vessels that nourish the retina.

The trochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve that emerges dorsally from the brain. It is a motor nerve that innervates a single muscle, the superior oblique muscle of the eye.

The iris is a flat and ring-shaped membrane behind the cornea of the eye. It regulates the amount of light entering the eye. It regulates the light by adjusting the size of the pupil.

Basophils rarely invade tissues.

They are the deposits of yellowish extra cellular waste products that accumulate within and beneath the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer. These are made up of lipids. While drusen likely do not cause Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), their presence increases a person's risk of developing AMD.

This one is an incorrect statement as myopia usually begins in childhood and a child may have a higher risk if the parents are nearsighted. In most cases, nearsightedness stabilizes in early adulthood but sometimes it continues to progress with age.

The fovea centralis is a depression-like area located at the centermost part of the retina of the eye. The center of the macula is called the fovea centralis. The fovea is the point of sharpest, most acute visual acuity. 

During the dark adaptation of the human eye, its visual threshold minimises to a small fraction of its original value in the light. An analysis of the quantitative data signifying this adaptation shows that it follows the course of a bimolecular chemical reaction. It makes the rods functional. It takes some time for rhodopsin to be reformed. This is why, on entering a dark room at daytime or on coming out of a well-lit room at night, we feel blind for a while.