Excretion - 1 (Class - X)

Along with the removal of waste, kidneys also maintain constant blood pressure. One of the major roles of the kidneys is maintaining the proper levels of electrolytes (such as sodium and potassium) in the body. The amount of electrolytes in the body influences the amount of fluid in the body. When electrolyte levels are high, the body retains more water, which in turn increases the volume of the blood. More blood volume results in higher blood pressure. Thus, the kidneys maintain blood pressure by indirectly controlling the amount of blood in the body. 

This is the correct answer as some plant waste gets stored in fruits of plants in the form of solid bodies. Raphides are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate as monohydrate or calcium carbonate as aragonite, found in more than 200 families of plants.

Typical brush border of cells is seen in proximal convoluted tubules. The microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cells, presumably facilitating their resorptive function as well as putative flow sensing within the lumen.

In public urinals, the urine gives a pungent smell due to the conversion of urea into ammonia by bacteria.

The hilus is the slit-like opening in the middle of the concave medial border of the kidney. Nerves and blood vessels pass through the hilus into the renal sinus within.

Plants eliminate some waste through diffusion. During the day, excess oxygen gas produced by photosynthesis is released through the stomata. Carbon dioxide produced by respiration is normally used up during photosynthesis. At night, however, as photosynthesis slows, carbon dioxide is not used up as fast as it is produced, and it is released as a waste product. Plants also produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. The oxygen that is not used for respiration is also excreted through the stomata.

Some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, salts and water, are selectively reabsorbed as urine flows along the tube.

Urea or carbamide is an organic compound. Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. It is solid, colourless and odourless, and ammonia is converted into urea by the liver.

 Waste products are stored as resins in old xylem plants. Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

The blood leaves the glomerulus through efferent arteriole. They play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in blood pressure.

A glomerulus is a network (as a tuft) of capillaries located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney. It serves as the first stage in the filtering process of the blood carried out by the nephron in its formation of urine. The glomerulus is surrounded by a cup-like sac known as Bowman's capsule.

This is the correct answer. Plants also use stomata in leaves to excrete gaseous wastes. 

It is partly responsible for the regulation of potassium, sodium, calcium and pH. It is the primary site for the kidneys' hormone based regulation of calcium (Ca).

Spironolactone opposes the actions of aldosterone and so, has the opposite effect. It is an aldosterone receptor antagonist that causes the kidneys to remove water and sodium from the body, with reduced losses of potassium.

The process of passing out of urine from the body is known as micturition.