Agricultural Science and Horticulture Fundamentals

100 grams of biscuits release 450 kcal of energy. 

The study of the life cycle of a pathogen on its host plant is called etiology.

The pigmented layer of retina or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells.

Oranges and other citrus fruits are excellent sources of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), providing a significant portion of daily requirements. Gram provides protein, fish offers omega-3 fatty acids and protein, and mango is rich in vitamin A but has less vitamin C than citrus.

Jamun (Indian blackberry) is notably rich in iron content, making it beneficial for combating anemia. While guava is rich in vitamin C, karonda is known for vitamin C and iron content but less than jamun, and loquat is valued for vitamins A and minerals but not particularly high in iron.

Capsicum annum

Sprinkler system is a modern method. In this method, water is supplied through a nozzle in the form of sprinkle. It saves the excess use of water.

Oxaloacetate will be the first stable product.
Oxaloacetate will be the first stable product.

Pteridophytes (ferns) have true roots, vascular tissue, and embryophyte status, but they do NOT have rhizoids - rhizoids are found in bryophytes (mosses). Pteridophytes have rhizomes (underground stems), which are different from rhizoids.

 The flower is described as hypogynous if the gynoecium occupies the highest position, while the other parts are situated below it.

Citrus canker is a disease affecting citrus species that is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis.

This method is used for sterilising  spices whose flavour changes with heating. It inhibits sprouting potatoes and extends shelf life of strawberries and mushrooms.

Nitrogen-containing fertilizers like ammonium nitrate and calcium ammonium nitrate are commonly applied during sowing to support early vegetative growth. While phosphorus (DAP) is also used at sowing, nitrogen fertilizers containing nitrates are very common. Potash is usually applied later, and calcium is a secondary nutrient.

Tomato is a  fruit.

False fruits develop from parts other than the ovary, typically the receptacle (as in apple, where the edible part is receptacle tissue) or calyx. True fruits develop only from the ovary, while aggregate fruits come from multiple ovaries of one flower, and composite fruits develop from inflorescences.