Indian Polity - 1

 The right to freedom of movement in India is a fundamental right.

The Fundamental Rights in Indian Constitution were borrowed from the US Constitution (Bill of Rights). The framers adapted American concepts like due process, equal protection, and judicial review to Indian conditions.

Correct Answer: Australia

Correct answer is (4). 

Option (2) is the correct answer. 

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and V. P. Menon convinced the rulers of various princely states to accede to India through a combination of factors.

As per the 74^th Amendment Act of 1992, municipality is one unit among 8 types of local governments and township is the other type. Under municipality, there are 3 sub-types. They are: Nagar Panchayat for transitional area between rural and urban areas, Municipal Council for smaller urban areas and Municipal Corporation for larger urban areas.

Statement 1: It is incorrect. In September 1991, P. V. Narasimha Rao’s government also introduced the modified Municipalites Bill in the Lok Sabha. It finally emerged as the 74^th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 and came into force on 1^st June, 1993.
Statement 2: It is correct. National Front Government under V. P. Singh introduced the revised Nagarpalika Bill in the Lok Sabha again in September 1990. However, the bill was not passed and finally lapsed due to dissolution of the Lok Sabha.

Correct answer is (4). 

Option 4 is correct.

The Estimates Committee, constituted for the first time in 1950, is a Parliamentary Committee consisting of 30 members, elected every year by the Lok Sabha from amongst its members.

Dr. S. Radhakrishnan was the Chairman of the first Rajya Sabha. He was the only Chairman to have two terms (13.5.1952-12.5.1962). The allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the States is based on the population; two hundred and forty five (245), of which 233 are elected and 12 are nominated.

The maximum strength of the House envisaged by the Constitution of India is 552, which is made up by election of up to 530 members to represent the states; up to 20 members to represent the Union Territories and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian Community to be nominated by the President of India. 

Correct Answer: Speaker of Lok Sabha

Lord Ripon, Viceroy of India from 1880-1884, is famously known as the 'Father of Local Self-Government in India' for his landmark Resolution of 1882 that established the framework for local self-government institutions. The Ripon Resolution recommended elected local bodies and laid the foundation for democratic decentralization in India.

In 1957, Balwant Rai Mehta Committee was formed to study the Community Development Projects and to recommend the measures for enhancing the output of these projects. In its report, the committee proposed many recommendations among which the one was for an early establishment of elected local bodies and devolution of necessary resources, power and authority to them.
The K. Santhanam Committee was established in 1963.

While Fundamental Rights protect individual liberties, Fundamental Duties prescribe citizen obligations, and the Preamble sets out ideals, the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) contain the most effective and comprehensive provisions for socio-economic justice. DPSP explicitly outline the state's responsibility in establishing social and economic democracy, including wealth distribution, equal pay, worker welfare, and equitable resource allocation. Thus, Option C is correct.

According to Article 44, the state shall endeavour to secure a uniform civil code for all citizens.

The Fazal Ali Commission (States Reorganisation Commission) identified all four factors - national unity and security, linguistic and cultural homogeneity, financial and administrative considerations, and welfare planning - as essential criteria for reorganizing states in India.

All of the given states, except Meghalaya, are correctly matched with their old names.

Option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct matching is: Article 155 (Appointment of Governor), Article 163 (Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor), Article 165 (Advocate General of the State), Article 166 (Conduct of business of the State Government). These Articles deal with state executive machinery - the Governor, their advisors, the state's legal officer, and administrative procedures.

There are a total of 69 subjects in the State List, all of which are exclusive legislative powers of the State. Some of the subjects enlisted in the State list are as follows:
Public order and police
State taxes and duties
Agriculture
Sanitation
Local governments
Forests
Fisheries
Public Health
Education, which was originally a State subject, was transferred to the Concurrent List by the 42^nd Amendment.

The 42^nd Amendment Act was passed in 1976.
Part IV of the Indian Constitution deals with the DPSPs.

In presidential systems, the chief executive (President) is elected (directly or indirectly), serves a fixed term, and appoints secretaries who are fully subordinate (not responsible to legislature like ministers). All three features are true of presidential systems. This contrasts with parliamentary systems where the executive is indirectly elected, terms can vary, and ministers are drawn from the legislature.

Statement 1 is wrong: The idea of a Constituent Assembly was, for the first time, put forward by M. N. Roy, a pioneer of communist movement in India in 1934. Mr. B. N. Rau was the advisor to the Constituent Assembly. 
Statement 2 is correct: The total strength of the Assembly was 389. Out of these, 296 seats were allotted to the British India and 92 seats to Princely states.
Statement 3 is wrong: The Constituent Assembly was a partly elected (indirectly) and partly nominated body.

One of the features of the Charter Act of 1853 was that it introduced, for the first time, local representation in the Indian (Central) Legislative Council. Of the six new legislative members of the Governor-General's Council, four were appointed by the local (provincial) governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal and Agra.

Some of the FRs are available to citizen alone like those mentioned under Article 19 which deals with six fundamental freedoms, like freedom of speech and expression. See the opening words of Article 19, "(1) All citizens shall have the right"

However, some FRs mentioned under Part III of the Constitution, like Article 14 i.e. right to equality "The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India" and Article 21 i.e. "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law", are available to everyone including non citizens as the words used is "person" which includes non-citizen also.

The correct matching is: Article 31B validates laws included in the 9th Schedule (A), Article 31A saves acquisition laws (B), Article 31C saves laws giving effect to certain DPSPs (C), and Article 31D saves anti-defection laws (D). Thus 1-B, 2-A, 3-C, 4-D is correct. These Articles were added by constitutional amendments and most have been repealed.

The original list of DPSPs contained provision for separation of judiciary from executive (under Article 50) and provision for prohibiting consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs (under Article 47).
The 42^nd Amendment Act added four new DPSPs to the original list. To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor (under Article 39A) and to protect and improve environment (under Article 48A) are two of those four principles.