Reproduction in Plants

Opposite the micropylar end, is the chalaza, representing the basal part of ovule.

A typical angiosperm embryo sac, at maturity, though 8-nucleate is 7-celled. The large central cell has two polar nuclei.

Epicotyl has a shoot apex and a few leaf primordia enclosed in a hollow foliar structure, the coleoptile.

Sweet gum, is an example of collection of capsules.

Multiple fruits are formed from the fused ovaries of multiple flowers. An example for a multiple fruit is pineapple.

Seedless bananas and grapes are triploids.

Schizocarp – carrot seed

Cleistogamous flowers do not open at all, e.g.,  common pansy.

Blueberry, Blackcurrant, Redcurrant, Gooseberry, Tomato, Eggplant, Guava, Lucuma, Chili are examples of true berry.

In some seeds such as black pepper and beet, remnants of nucellus are also persistent. This residual, persistent nucellus is the perisperm.

Cypsela - An achene-like fruit derived from the individual florets in a capitulum (e.g. dandelion).

Xenogamy: Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a different plant.

Microsporangium is generally surrounded by four wall layers, the epidermis, endothecium, middle layers and the tapetum (from outer to inner surface). The innermost wall layer is the tapetum.

The white kernel of a tender coconut is cellular endosperm.

Offset of water hyacinth, Rhizome of ginger and banana.
Offset of water hyacinth, Rhizome of ginger and banana.