General Biochemistry

Photo-oxidation is the degradation of a polymer surface in the presence of oxygen or ozone. The effect is facilitated by radiant energy, such as UV or artificial light. This process is the most significant factor in weathering of polymers. Proteins, carbohydrates, fats and nucleic acids are all polymers.

Epimers are the structures that differ only at one position in their configuration. Glucose and mannose are epimers but they differ at 2' C position.

The pH of the medium will have its effect on a enzyme-catalysed reaction in one or the other form. The options B and C define the action of protons on the dissociating groups and substrate. Availability of H⁺ will enhance the ionising ability and therefore, will affect the direction of reaction. It is obvious for protein to get partially denatured during the process when pH fluctuates.

The Ca⁺⁺ channel in the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum is also an IP3 receptor and therefore, an increase in IP3 will enhance the activity of the channel, resulting in increased efflux of ions.

Both the chlorophylls have similar structures but they do differ in their compositions, which cause the adaptability in different scenarios. From the given formula, it can be estimated that Chl-a has two more H and an O less than Chl-b. Therefore, CHO is present in Chl-b.

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant, which prevents production of reactive O during fat synthesis. If this is permitted, the fats will be destroyed that will lead to shedding of myelin sheath: spinocerebellar ataxia. Vitamin D causes rickets due to lack of cholecalciferol. Deficiency of B₃(niacin) causes slower metabolic rates and eventually pellagra. Vitamin K, which is found in abundance in green leafy vegetables, is essentially required for post-translational modification. It is known as phylloquinone and its deficiency causes blood related issues.