Zoology - 4 (B. Sc. Agriculture)

Cytoplasmic inheritance shows stronger maternal influence because organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (which have their own DNA) are inherited primarily through the egg's cytoplasm. The sperm contributes mainly nuclear DNA with minimal cytoplasm. X-linked inheritance comes from both parents (mother's X and father's X or Y).

Biodiversity includes all living organisms, from a single celled microorganism to multicellular organisms. So, it should be conserved for all living organims.

Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. OA is a chronic condition characterized by the breakdown of the joint’s cartilage. The breakdown of cartilage causes the bones to rub against each other, causing stiffness, pain and loss of movement in the joint.

Julian Huxley was one of the main architects of the modern evolutionary synthesis which took place around the time of World War II. He introduced modern systematics.

They reduce the reaction entropy change by bringing substrates together in the correct orientation to react. Considering ΔH‡ alone overlooks this effect.

Tendons are dense connective tissues that connect muscles to bones, transmitting muscular contraction forces to the skeleton to produce movement. Ligaments connect bone to bone, providing joint stability. Tendons and ligaments have different structures and functions - this distinction is fundamental in musculoskeletal anatomy.

Pathology is the branch of medicine that studies the nature, causes, and development of disease through examination of organs, tissues, and bodily fluids. 'Pathos' means disease or suffering, and '-ology' means the study of. The other options are unrelated - plaate is misspelled, ascetic relates to self-denial, and synonyms are words with same meanings.

Anaerobic respiration (glycolysis) yields a net gain of only 2 ATP per glucose molecule. This occurs in the cytoplasm when oxygen is absent. Aerobic respiration produces 36-38 ATP through complete glucose oxidation in mitochondria. The options of 3, 10, or 38 ATP do not match the known yield of anaerobic glycolysis.

Insects have malpighian tubules for excretion 

Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids composed of nucleotide monomers, which is their fundamental similarity. The key differences are that DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and is typically double-stranded, while RNA contains ribose sugar and is usually single-stranded. DNA uses thymine as a pyrimidine base, whereas RNA uses uracil.

The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells (also referred to as erythrocytes) and the immune system. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood, which can be valuable in case of hemorrhagic shock, and also recycles iron.

The gland is connected to a region of the brain called the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk. Directly above the pituitary gland and in front of the pituitary stalk are the crossing fibers of the optic nerves, called the optic chiasm.

Centipedes (class Chilopoda), cockroaches (class Insecta), and crabs (class Crustacea) are all arthropods, which are characterized by jointed appendages and a hard exoskeleton made of chitin. These two features are universal across all arthropod groups. Compound eyes and book lungs are not present in all arthropods.

Fish are classified into three major groups based on their skeletal structure: jawless fish (Agnatha) like lampreys, cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) like sharks and rays, and bony fish (Osteichthyes) which comprise the majority of fish species. The other options are specific types of bony fish, not a distinct category.

2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant hormones.