Processor and Memory

 Option (4) is correct.

Option (2) is correct.

Option (1) is correct.

Option (2) is correct. 

 Option (1) is correct.

Firmware is software that is stored permanently in ROM (Read-Only Memory) chips. Unlike regular software that can be easily modified, firmware provides the basic instructions for device operation and remains constant. Malware and spyware are malicious programs that would not be permanently stored in ROM by design. 'All of these' is incorrect because only firmware is the correct term for ROM-stored programs.

Microprograms are low-level instructions stored in control memory, but given the available options, ROM is the most appropriate answer. Microprograms are firmware-level instructions that control the CPU's operation at a very basic level. While the most precise answer would be 'control memory,' ROM (Read-Only Memory) is where microprograms are permanently stored as they are fundamental instructions that should not change. Core memory and RAM are volatile and not suitable for permanent microprogram storage.

 EPROM can be used for erasing and reconstructing the contents of ROM.

A data processor is any digital device that processes or manipulates data according to instructions. This is the fundamental definition of computing devices. Data entry is the act of inputting data, not processing it. DBMS (Database Management System) is software for organizing databases, not the processing device itself. Database is stored information, not a processing device. Only 'Data processor' correctly describes a device that processes data.

  Normally used to initialize a computer system’s hardware is Bootstrap memory.

Flash memory is a high density memory. It is fast in reading and writing data. This is because it writes data in chunks and blocks.

Option (2) is correct.

PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, FRAM, NVRAM, Bubble memory and Flash memory come under the category of non-volatile memory.

Option (2) is correct.

The Memory Data Register (MDR) holds the actual data being transferred to or from memory. When data is read from memory, it goes into the MDR. When data is written to memory, it is first placed in the MDR. The Memory Address Register (MAR) holds the address of the memory location, not the data. 'Memory access register' and 'memory arithmetic register' are not standard architectural components.