Microbiology

Temin and Baltimore. Reverse transcriptase was isolated by Temin & Baltimore independently in 1970 at MIT from two RNA viruses.

It is inflammation of the heart muscle, caused by virus.

Yes, it is correct,  the  oil immersion objective has power of 100X.
 1500/100 = 15

All 1, 2 and 3. Bacterial DNA replication by: Rolling Circle- multiple copies of a single circular DNA is achieved. Bi-directional- the synthesis of DNA is done in two directions; and Theta mode- it a type of bi directional replication, where “theta” (Θ) type structure is formed.

 It inhibits the formation of bacterial cell wall by acting on terminal D-alanine D-alanine of NAG-NAM moieties.

 It is the study of evolutionary relationship among groups of organism.

Helicobacter pylori causes inflammation of the intestinal tract leading to ulcer.

Epidemic typhus: Rickettsia prowazekii causes epidemic typhus, which is transmitted by louse.

Phospho-glycerate kinase. It is the enzyme in 6th step of glycolysis pathway that converts 1,3-bi phospho glycerate to 3-phospho glycerate.

Six subunits (AB5 confirmation). Cholera toxin acts on the intestinal walls of the GI tract and causes pores. As a result, mucous and other discharge comes out and is released with the feaces.

Pseudomonas putida is used in bio-remediation, and is the world’s first patented organism. Thiobacillus thiooxidans can use sulfur and convert it into sulfuric acid, which can be used in Bio leaching. Bacillus thuringiensis is bacteria that produce a toxin called Bt toxin due to its plasmid, that kill insects. Thus it is used as bio-insecticides.  Ralstonia eutropha bacteria contain oxygen tolerant hydrogenases that are being used to investigate use in bio fuels. Anabaena is a filamentous cyanobacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen and thus is used as bio fertilizer.

Rhabdovirus is bullet shaped virus that causes rabies. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the causative agent of pneumonia. Staphylococcus aureus causes skin infection and Orthomyxoviridae is the family of virus that causes Influenza.

45.45 min. Generation time (G)= total time (t)/{3.3 log (final number of cells)/(initial number of cells)} = 300min/{3.3log100000/1000}
= 300min/3.3log100
=300/3.3x2
=300/6.6
=45.45 min

A-5, B-3, C-2, D-4, E-1. The phenomenon of Operon was first discovered by Jacob and Monod in E coli. This is called lac Operon. It describes the ability of E coli to utilize lactose. Ori C is the point in bacterial DNA where replication of its DNA starts. All the genes of a DNA does not code for protein. The coding genes are called Cistron. Histones are bead like structures made up of proteins that helps in super coiling of DNA inside a cell. Jumping genes are called Transposons. Transposons are found in viruses.

7.50 hrs t = 45.45x3.3 log108 /105 = 7.50 hrs.

 Mitochondria have evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria. According to researchers, the modern mitochondria that generate energy in eukaryotic cells have actually evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria. Since these bacteria lived within cells, they have become a part of the cells producing ATP. Rickettsia prowazekii genome is very close to mitochondria.