Child Development and Pedagogy

Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations, which means that it only result into temporary change in behaviors due to continuous exposure to a stimuli.

Coercive Power is the one that instils a fear in people to do some actions. It may also mean any power that influences a person emotionally rather than as a conscious choice.
This is related to applying force to the student to change his attitude. Teacher should never try to follow this student might become of retaliating behaviour.

Goverment has specified a minimum income limit and children who are belonging to such parents whose annual income is lower than the minimum limit specified by the appropriate government are called as child belonging to weaker section

Erik Erikson has  divided life into 8 stages.

Stage one, First Year of Life: Trust vs Mistrust.
Stage Two, 1-3 Years; Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt.
Stage Three, 3-5 Years; Initiative vs Guilt.
Stage Four, 6-12 Years: Industry vs Inferiority.
Stage Five, Adolescence: Identity Versus Role Confusion.
Stage Six, Young Adulthood: Intimacy Versus Isolation
Stage Seven, Middle Adulthood: Generativity Versus Stagnation
Stage Eight, Late Adulthood: Integrity Versus Despair.

This means forty students per teacher and this is the correct ratio according to the act.

ASD (Autistic Spectrum Disorders) is a disorder of development that affects language, social skills and behaviour. Children with ASD are unable to interpret the world and what is happening around them in the same way that other children do. There is a range of severity and intellectual ability, from the severely impaired child with classical autism, to a child with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism Children with Asperger syndrome may have a high level of intelligence but have difficulty with social interaction.

Sensori-motor period (from birth until age 2)
Pre-operational stage (from 2-6 years)
Concrete operational stage (6-12 years)
Formal operational stage (12 years and up)
Each of the stage is connected with the previous one.

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) - 2005 has recommended that the board should consider, as a long term measure, making the class 10 examination optional, thus permitting students to continue in the same school, Minister of State for Human Resource Development (HRD) D. Purandeswari told the Lok Sabha.

According to Freud the human mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden in the unconscious. He believed that the conscious level of the mind was similar to the tip of the iceberg which could be seen, but the unconscious was mysterious and was hidden. The unconscious also consists of aspects of personality of which a person is unaware. The conscious on the other hand is that which is within our awareness. The preconscious consists of that which is not in immediate awareness but is easily accessible.
Sigmund Freud gave the concept of the Id, Ego, and Super Ego play in relation to conscious and unconscious thought.
This thought usually represented by the Iceberg Model. 

This approach of teacher express that teacher wants all students to actively participate in class and learn collectively. this approach will help student to understand the lesson better and answer the question in more accurate way.

A mental condition present from early childhood, characterized by great difficulty in communicating and forming relationships but this is not a manifestation of emotional disturbance.  

This involves active particiaption and it is opposite to theoritical teaching in this type of teaching. childer will be able to touch and feel and be able to u understand the subject in better form.
For example for teaching basic of computers to primary childer rather than demostrating them or teaching them theoriticall it is better to take students to computer lab and give them hand on experience.

Peers become an important influence on behaviour during adolescence and peer pressure has been called a hallmark of adolescent experience. Peer conformity in young people is most pronounced with respect to style, taste, appearance, ideology, and values. Peer pressure is commonly associated with episodes of adolescent risk taking (such as delinquency, drug abuse, sexual behaviors, and reckless driving because these activities commonly occur in the company of peers.

Yes,  this is the correct answer. It is  gender bias because school is giving preference only to girl though boy and girls are equally good.

Discussing moral issue with students by way of telling them story will guide them the right path and inbuilt moral values in the students.

Teacher wants students to be socially active that means she wants them to learn to interact and work in a group,  and to imbibe this quality in students teacher is performing group activity with the students.

Kohlberg defined moral reasoning as judgments about right and wrong. His studies of moral reasoning are based on the use of moral dilemmas, or hypothetical situations in which people must make a difficult decision.
Kohlberg defined a subject's level of moral reasoning from the reasoning used to defend his or her position when faced with a moral dilemma. He thought this more important than the actual choice made, since the choices people make in such a dilemma are not  always clearly and indisputably right.

Deductive reasoning is a form of reasoning where two or more facts or assumptions are applied to a specific event.
An example of this is: the sparrow lays eggs, based on knowing that all birds lay eggs, and that sparrows are a form of bird..

The statement ' Majority of the people are average, a few very bright and few very dull' is based on the established principle of distribution of intelligence.
As in the above statement level of  intelligence is distributed in average, bright and dull.
As incase of any class room we can clearly observe that some of the students in class, score high who are bright students, some will score average and few will fail who are refered as dull students of the class.

Infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols and form enduring mental representations. This stage is associated primarily with the beginnings of Insight or true creativity. This marks the passage into the preoperational stage.

Teacher want to remove barrier between special children and normal children . Teacher want them to learn and participate collectively.

In inclusive education, children regardless of physical, intellectual, social, linguistic, or other differently abled conditions get educated under the same platform. Such schools do not diffrentiate students and educate all children together.

Extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain an outcome, whether or not that activity is also intrinsically motivated. Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the individual. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards (for example money or grades) for showing the desired behaviour, and the threat of punishment following misbehaviour. Competition is in an extrinsic motivator because it encourages the performer to win and to beat others, not simply to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity.

Assimilation is using an existing knowledge or schema to deal with or understand a new object or situation. 
For example A 2 year old child sees a man who is bald on top of his head and has long frizzy hair on the sides. To his father horror, the toddler shouts Clown, clown.

The Terman Study showed that gifted children grow up to become gifted adults, and that they tend to be  successful, well-adjusted, and long-lived.... healthier, wealthier, and wiser. They are  taller and better-looking, on average, and they are an invitation to uncomfortable comparisons for the rest of us. It is  hard not to feel competitive with them, and at a competitive disadvantage.
The above statemen by Terman indeed specifies that gifted children are generally successful in their chosen occupations as adults

Each pupil is different in terms of learning ability, academic standards, classroom learning and academic performance, and each has his own in learning. By adapting school curriculam and teaching strategies, teachers can provide learning activities and practical experiences to students according to their abilities and needs. They can also design individualized educational programmes with intensive remedial support to help pupils consolidate their basic knowledge in different subjects, master the learning methods, strengthen their confidence and enhance the effectiveness of learning.