Human Diseases (LPU)

Epstein-Barr virus is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma and with naso-pharyngeal carcinoma.

A culture of chicken cholera bacillus accidentally left on bench during warm summer months lost much of its ability to cause disease, but could protect birds from the effects of fresh virulent bacillus. Pasteur also obtained similar results for anthrax and rabies.

Production of cytokines and of cytotoxic T-cells is important in the protective response.

The eradication of smallpox was due to an enormous World Health Organization (WHO) sponsored effort combining extensive vaccination and selective epidemiologic control methods.

Dead filarial worm parasites in lymphatic vessels initiate an inflammatory reaction thought to be responsible for obstruction of the flow of lymph.

Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) was developed by Calmette and Guérin by chance in 1908 at the Institute Pasteur in Lille. They added bile to the culture medium in an attempt to achieve dispersed growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but it became attenuated and successfully protected vaccinated children against tuberculosis. 

Salmonella infects cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system throughout the body and thereby, stimulates the production of cell-mediated immunity in addition to both secretory and systemic antibody production.

This is the correct answer as HIV can be transmitted sexually.

This has been proven not to transmit HIV, but is not recommended on general health grounds.

Following separation by techniques such as SDS-PAGE or isoelectric focussing, proteins can be blotted by transverse electrophoresis onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) or nitrocellulose membranes and then, identified by staining with appropriately labelled antibodies.

This enzyme splits starch and is of importance for digestion, but not for protection.

Unusual in HIV (except at a late stage when any infection is possible); more often associated with complement deficiencies.

Gamma-interferon activates microbicidal mechanisms within the macrophage, thereby leading to the death of intracellular parasites.

Baculovirus vectors in moth cell lines produce large amounts of glycosylated recombinant protein. The baculovirus is a natural infectious agent of insect cells.

T-lymphocytes are specialised for recognising peptides derived from intracellular infectious agents which are exhibited on the surface of an infected cell together with MHC class I and II molecules.

These individuals have a higher risk of developing an organ specific autoimmune disease or allergies than the general population.

T-cells are important for immunity to M. tuberculosis through the provision of Th1 cytokines.

The spleen can be thought of as a filter sampling the blood for red cells and foreign antigens.

Listeria monocytogenes is able to escape from phagocytic vacuoles and survive in the cytoplasm of phagocytic cells.

Parasites like Trichinella frequently increase the IgE levels, usually polyclonally. This tends to inhibit the protective effect of IgE by diluting out the specific IgE on the mast cell. Inflammation induced by mast cell degranulation leads to influx of IgG, which causes damage to the parasite.