Computer Networking and Software Fundamentals

LAN covers a small distance, typically within a single building or a college campus. It's connectivity range is actual 2 kms. LAN can share resources and other devices and also communicate with in 2 kms.

The computer networks make resources available to any one on the network regardless of the physical location of the resource or the user. The files can be shared in a computer network in two ways. The one way is to transmit the file or data form your computer to the other computer directly. The other way is to send data to an intermediate place, from where the other person can pick it up later.

Bandwidth is the number of bits processed in a single instruction. It is the total maximum capacity of a network connection. Wide Area Network processed 10 kbps-600 mbps in a single instruction.

It is designed with each node which is connected directly to central network hub or concentrator. Usually the central node has the peripherals that are to be shared across the network attached to it and often it acts as a file and printer server to the rest of the stations on the network. The hub or concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network. Concentrator is also called hub.

It is a device that connects two or more networks. It receives data from one side and determine, is destination on the other side of router. If yes, than packet is forwarded; If no, it will forwarded the packets to next router. So it controls the data transmission traffic.

 Modem is a device that translates the digital signals of computer into analog signals which can travel across conventional phone lines. It is the combination of modulation and demodulation. Modulation means converting signals digital to analog and Demodulation mean converting signals analog to digital. 

In this each device has its own port connected with hub in the same manner as in a star. These hubs are connected to a cable called backbone cable. All hubs connected to backbone. It's shape like tree. It is difficult to manage or configure.

 This is correct. NIC stands for Network Interface Card.

Ring topology are wired in circle. Each node (computer) is connected to its neighbors on either side. The last node gets connected to first node and data passes around the ring in one direction only. It is easy to install. In this addition and removal of computers in already existing network is difficult. If any one node goes down or damage than whole network goes down.
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 In this, all the computers are connected to one another to form ring i.e. last node gets connected to first node. It covers the large geographical location because implementation of ring topology is easy. The addition and removal of computersin already existing network is difficult.
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The protocols are the set of rules that govern the transfer of data. They define how computers identify one another on a network, the form that the data should take in transit, and how this information is processed once it reaches its final destination.

In this, each device is connected to its own port on hub or concentrators in the same manner as in a star. Concentrators are connected  together in a hierarchical manner. In this a new node can easily be added at the bottom.
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 In this, each device is connected to its own port on hub in the same manner as in a star. Concentrators are connected together in a hierarchical manner. These hubs are connected to a cable called backbone cable. All hubs are connected to backbone. It's shape like tree. It is difficult to manage or configure.
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 In this, each device is connected to its own port on hub or concentrators in the same manner as in a star. Concentrators are connected together in a hierarchical manner. There is a backbone line which connects the entire segments.
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Partially connected topology is also called irregular topology. It is also used in Wide Area Network and allows multiple routes between hosts. Partially connected topology is the type of Mesh topology.
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It is an electronic device, used to implement the network. This is also used to join the multiple computers together that form a single network segment, due to this computer can communicate directly with each other. Hub comes in variety in different number of ports. E.g. 4 port hub, 8 port hub and so on.
                     

The special hardware has to be used to terminate both ends of the coaxial cable such that a signal traveling to the end of the bus would come back as a repeat data transmission. The common implementation of this topology is Ethernet. It is a widely used LAN protocol. It is a fast and reliable network solution.

Irregular and Complete are the two types of Mesh topology. These are also called fully connected & partially connected. Fully connected is also called Complete mesh topology and Irregular is also called partially connected mesh topology.
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 In Mesh, Tree & Star topologies, if one computer is removed or damaged than other will not be disturbed.  Because the nodes are independent.
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 Telephone line is a medium through which modem allows computers to exchange information. Modem is a device that translates the digital signals form computer into analog signals that can travel across conventional phone lines. It is the combination of modulation and demodulation.
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 It is an electronic device which is used to implement the network. It is also used to join the multiple computers together that form a single network segment, due to this computer can communicate directly with each other. Hub comes in variety in different number of ports. E.g. 4 port hub, 8 port hub and so on.
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This is not used without the system software. An application program is one that has been developed to solve a specific data processing task. For example, software which does word processing, payroll, financial accounting, etc. These programs are developed by computer professionals called application programmers.

 System software is built to control the entire operation. It's collection of programs are designed to operate, control and extend the processing capabilities of computer itself. These softwares perform a variety of functions like file editing, storage management, resource accounting, I/O management etc. The examples of system software and operating system are M.S. DOS and Microsoft windows.
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 DTP is concerned with the application of computer that enables small companies of individual to produce reports, visiting cards, calendar, advertising, magazines etc. at the best printing quality. With the use of DTP software through modern computers, several types of work like, advertisements, publishing of books etc. can be implemented in easier way.
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 Application software is a collection of application programs. An application program is one that has been developed to solve a specific data processing task. For example, software which does word processing, payroll, financial accounting, etc. These programs are developed by computer professionals called Application programmers.
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