Animal Anatomy and Physiology

This enzyme, present in Succus entericus, activates inactive trypsinogen ( zymogen or inactive enzyme) secreted from exocrinal part of pancreas to form active proteolytic enzyme trypsin.

Hypercholesterolemia is a condition whereby an increased cholesterol in blood is caused due to high amount of fat in diet for a prolonged period. It leads to thickening and hardening of arterial wall, which in turn causes narrowing of arteries and thereby blood pressure is increased.

After glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle, energy released is captured in oxidative phosphorylation to produce 38 ATP molecules. Some energy escapes out as heat energy, and only 40% of energy is trapped in ATP.

The urine would be more dilute. Loop of Henle performs counter current along with vasa recta thereby making urine hypertonic. Longer the loop of Henle, the greater will be the hypertonicity of urine. Hence, in absence of it, urine would be more diluted.

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin by thromboplastin; fibrinogen is converted into fibrin which ultimately produces clot. Power Stewart factor is the factor X essential for blood clotting. Calcium is another essential factor in blood clotting.

Aldosterone helps in the reabsorbtion of Na+ and water in the distal part of the renal tubule, hence it increases GFR and regulates urine volume. ADH or vasopressin increases blood pressure and regulates blood volume. Both of them perform together and one’s function gives feedback to the other.

Zona glomerulosa is the outermost layer of adrenal cortex. It is the major site for aldosterone synthesis and secretion, which is responsible for regulation of blood pressure. Zona fasciculata is the middle layer, which is responsible for secretion of glucocorticoids like cortisole, corticosterone, etc. The innermost layer is zona reticularis, which is responsible for secretion of androgens.

It occurs just after the atrial systole, and it is known as first heart sound. It is heard like LUB.

Lipase action produces monoglycerides from tri or diglycerides. Vermiform appendix is the vestigial form of caecum found in human. The sphincter that controls the flow of hepatopancreatic juice in the intestine is sphincter of Oddi. Succus entericus contains maltase, dipeptidase and lipase enzymes.

Atrial natriuretic factor helps in vasodialation. Major excretory product of fishes is ammonia, therefore they are known as ammonotelic. Arthropods have open circulatory system. Tidal volume is volume of inspired or expired air.  .

When the outer covering of lung, i.e. the pleural membranes have any sign of inflammation, it is known as pleurisy . In this case, severe pain in chest occurs and the affected persons have acute breathing problems.

Thyroxine regulates the development of nervous system and the metabolism in foetus. Due to hypothyroidism, maldevelopment of nervous system leads to mental retardation of the child, and as metabolical rate or BMR is decreased in foetus, the growth of the child would be stunted.

Alveoli are the structural and functional units of lungs. Cerebellum, the hind brain, regulates body posture. Semilunar valve is present at the opening of aorta. Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus form Malpighian corpuscle together.

STH or growth hormone is secreted from anterior lobe of pituitary, and facilitates growth by retaining Ca⁺⁺ in body and accelerates protein synthesis.

It is an intestinal hormone. It stimulates secretion of mucus and HCO₃ from Brunner’s glands that produces succus entericus.

Gastrin is secreted from gastric gland, and regulates the secretion of gastric juice and HCl from oxyntic cells of stomach.

Glossopharyngeal nerve is distributed in taste buds, pharynx, posterior tongue, parotid gland and pharyngeal muscle. Its function is larynx elevation, salivation and perception of bitter taste.

Saliva secretion is not the function of vagus. Vagus is the 10^th cranial nerve, which is branched and the longest of all cranial nerves. It is mainly responsible for swallowing, phonation, intestinal and gastric movement, general taste, gastric and pancreatic sensation, breathing and cutaneous sensibility. Saliva secretion from the salivary gland is the function of 9^th cranial nerve namely glossopharyngeal nerve. This nerve is also responsible for larynx elevation and taste sensation of posterior tongue.

Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid derivative, which is responsible for presynaptic inhibition.

Angiostensin II is a slow neurotransmitter, which acts on the kidneys. It helps in maintaining blood volume and pressure .