The Swaraj Party and Indian Politics (1923-1930)

The Swaraj Party withdrew from legislatures in 1926 as part of their strategy changes following the death of Chittaranjan Das in 1925. The party had been participating in councils but decided to exit after realizing the limitations of working within the colonial legislative framework.

Correct answer is (1). 

Chittaranjan Das, the founder of the Swaraj Party and key leader of the Non-Cooperation Movement, died in 1925. His death significantly weakened the Swaraj Party as he was its unifying figure and main strategist. This led to internal divisions and eventually the party's withdrawal from legislatures the following year.

Motilal Nehru was accused by Hindu communalist groups of favoring cow slaughter and eating beef, which was used as propaganda against the Swarajists. These accusations were politically motivated to discredit the Swaraj Party and Hindu-Muslim unity efforts. Vallabhbhai Patel, C.R. Das, and Vithalbhai Patel were not targets of such specific allegations.

In the elections of 1926, the Swarajists bagged 40 out of total 104 seats. Though, they lost in a few areas, yet they were able to obstruct many government legislations and bills. For example, Public Safety Bill, 1928.

In December 1922, Chittaranjan Das, Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar and Motilal Nehru formed the Congress-Khilafat Swarajaya Party with Das as the president and Nehru as one of the secretaries. Other prominent leaders included Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Subhas Chandra Bose of Bengal, Vithalbhai Patel and other Congress leaders who were becoming dissatisfied with the Congress.

The demand for 'Purna Swaraj' (complete independence) was first raised by the Indian National Congress at the Lahore session on the banks of the Ravi river in 1929. This historic session, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, marked Congress's shift from dominion status to complete independence as its official goal, leading to the declaration of January 26, 1930 as Independence Day.

It did not participate in the elections due to Civil Disobedience Movement.

The 'No-Changers' were leaders who opposed council entry and wanted to continue non-cooperation. Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, and C. Rajagopalachari were prominent No-Changers. Lala Lajpat Roy was not part of this group as he had different views on council entry strategy and was more aligned with the Responsivist faction.

After the Swarajists entered the Central Legislative Assembly, support for forming a common front came from diverse leaders including M.M. Malviya (Hindu Mahasabha), Gandhi ji (Congress), and M.A. Jinnah (Muslim League). Despite their ideological differences, they saw value in united legislative action against colonial policies on specific issues.

C. R. Das was the President and Motilal Nehru was one of the secretaries. 

The Swaraj Party was officially formed on January 1, 1923, by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru after the Gaya session of the Congress. The party emerged as a response to the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement, with the strategy of contesting council elections and disrupting colonial governance from within. The other options (March, April, May 1923) are incorrect as the party was formed specifically in January 1923.

Gandhi initially remained non-committal toward the Swarajist approach of entering legislative councils. He had suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement and was open to different strategies, but he did not immediately endorse or reject the council entry idea. His position evolved over time based on the Swarajists' performance and ethical conduct. Options A and D are incorrect as Gandhi did not give immediate support or set timelines, while B misrepresents his nuanced stance.

S. Satyamurti was the key figure who established the Madras Province Swarajya Party in 1923. He was a prominent lawyer and freedom fighter from Tamil Nadu who played a crucial role in organizing the Swaraj Party in the Madras Presidency. C. Rajagopalachari was actually opposed to the council entry program, while N.M. Kelkar and G.V. Agarkar were associated with other provinces.

The Harcourt Butler Committee (officially the Indian States Committee) was appointed in 1927 to enquire into the relationship between the British Government and the Princely States. This was necessitated by the growing demand for princely state representation and the need to clarify their constitutional status. Option A is incorrect as it was not related to the Simon Commission, Option C refers to a different context, and Option D is unrelated.