CCNA Practice Test - 5

Static routing uses manually configured routing table entries that don't change automatically. Dynamic routing uses protocols to automatically update routes. Interior routing refers to internal network routing, and 'standard' is not a routing type. Static routing requires network administrators to manually enter and maintain all routing information.

The question states the administrator enters commands and Frame Relay PVCs are inactive. Without seeing the exhibit, the claimed answer is A (incorrect DLCI numbers). This is plausible because mismatched or wrong DLCI numbers would prevent PVCs from becoming active. The other options (interface needs to be point-to-point, missing cisco keyword, single router limitation) are less likely to cause the described issue.

In cable networks, downstream data (from headend to subscriber) typically operates in higher frequency ranges (38 MHz is within the downstream range). Upstream data (subscriber to headend) uses lower frequencies (5-42 MHz). 38 MHz is in the downstream direction. Cable TV interference would cause signal quality issues, not just frequency observations, and congestion doesn't explain the specific frequency.

In VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol), transparent mode switches (SW3) receive and forward VTP updates but don't synchronize their own VLAN database. Client mode switches (SW4) receive updates AND synchronize their VLAN configuration. Server mode (SW1) sends updates. Therefore SW3 receives but doesn't sync, while SW4 both receives and syncs. Option D correctly describes this behavior.

Link-state routing protocols like OSPF send updates immediately when network topology changes are detected, rather than waiting for periodic update intervals. This event-driven approach allows the network to converge much faster because all routers learn about changes almost simultaneously and recalculate their routing tables. Distance-vector protocols, by contrast, typically wait for scheduled update timers, which delays convergence.

enable secret [password] sets an encrypted password for Privileged Exec Mode while the questions states cleartext.

Parallel connections transmit data simultaneously over multiple wires, but over long distances, the signals experience timing differences (clock skew) and electromagnetic interference (crosstalk) between adjacent wires. These problems cause data corruption and limit the usable length of parallel cables. Serial connections, using fewer wires (like in RS-232 or USB), don't suffer from crosstalk between data bits and can use differential signaling over longer distances with less signal degradation.

The network layer (Layer 3) header, such as in IP packets, contains the destination host's IP address, which allows the packet to be routed across multiple networks to reach the correct destination host. Layer 3 provides logical addressing and routing. The destination device on local media is found using Layer 2 (MAC) addressing, while the source application is identified at Layer 4 (ports) or Layer 7.

VPN technology uses encryption and tunneling protocols to provide confidentiality, which prevents unauthorized parties from reading the contents of data communications. Even if traffic is intercepted, the encrypted data is unreadable without the decryption keys. QoS manages traffic priority, latency refers to delay, and reliability ensures delivery - none of these prevent data from being read if intercepted.

In Spanning Tree Protocol, the designated port is the port on a network segment that has the best path to the root bridge. Each segment must have exactly one designated port, and only the designated port and root port can forward traffic. Non-designated ports are placed in blocking state to prevent loops. The designated port must exist and forward for traffic to flow on that segment.

Named ACLs allow you to edit the access list by inserting or deleting individual statements anywhere in the list without removing and recreating the entire ACL. Numbered ACLs only allow you to add new statements at the end and require complete removal to make changes in the middle. All the other capabilities listed (filtering by protocol, protocol suite, addresses) are available in both numbered and named ACLs.

Standard ACLs filter traffic based only on the source IP address, not destination address or ports. Because they're limited, best practice is to place them as close to the destination as possible to avoid blocking legitimate traffic from multiple sources. Extended ACLs, which can filter based on source and destination addresses/ports, should be placed close to the source. Standard ACLs can be either numbered or named, contrary to option A.

A baseline test provides quantitative measurements of network performance metrics (throughput, latency, error rates, utilization) under normal conditions. By comparing current values to the baseline, the administrator can objectively determine if the new switches and VLAN improved performance and availability. Subjective measures like user interviews are unreliable, and web server hit rates don't measure intranet performance. Monitoring from remote sites would test WAN/internet performance, not internal intranet.

Phishing is a social engineering attack where fraudulent emails appear to come from trusted sources (like the administrator's office) to trick recipients into revealing sensitive information like passwords and account details. The email described matches this pattern exactly. Cracking involves breaking passwords or encryption, phreaking refers to hacking telecommunications systems, and spamming is unsolicited bulk email - none of which involve tricking users into voluntarily revealing credentials.

RIPng (RIP next generation) is designed exclusively for IPv6 networks. IPv4 routing uses RIPv1 or RIPv2, which are completely separate protocols. You cannot mix IPv4 routes with RIPng configuration as they operate on different IP stacks.

In TCP's three-way handshake, after the initiator sends a SYN (synchronize) packet, the recipient responds with a SYN-ACK packet - acknowledging the SYN and sending its own synchronize. The final step is the initiator sending an ACK to complete the connection.

RIPv1 is a classful routing protocol that does not support subnet masks in its updates. When it encounters discontiguous subnets of the same major network (like 10.0.0.0/8 separated by other networks), it cannot properly route between them because it summarizes all subnets of a major network at network boundaries.

The running-configuration (show running-config) displays the commands that are currently active in RAM and determining the router's operation. The startup-config (in NVRAM) is what's used on next reboot, and password encryption requires a separate command (service password-encryption).