Swaraj Politics and Civil Disobedience Movement

The proposal to form the Swaraj Party was defeated by 1748 to 890 votes in the Congress session at Gaya in 1922.

The Belgaum Session of 1924 was where Mahatma Gandhi formally endorsed the Swarajist strategy of entering legislative councils to work on behalf of the Congress. This was part of the compromise between the 'no-changers' (who opposed council entry) and 'pro-changers' (Swarajists who supported it). The Gaya Session (1922) had initially rejected council entry, creating the split.

Option A is correct - the Swarajists were called 'pro-changers' because they wanted to change Congress tactics by entering councils. Option B is correct - the Swaraj Party was indeed formed in January 1923. Option C is correct in substance - the Swarajists wanted to change the methodology from non-cooperation to council entry. Since all statements A, B, and C are factually correct, Option D (None of these) is logically correct as there is no incorrect statement among A-C.

The responsivists were leaders who believed in responsive cooperation - working within the legislative council framework rather than boycotting it. N.C. Kelkar, M.M. Malaviya, and M.R. Jayakar were all prominent responsivists who favored this approach after the Non-Cooperation Movement ended. Therefore, Option D (All of these) is the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B A C D

Vithalbhai Patel, elder brother of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, was elected as the Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly in 1925 when the Swaraj Party gained significant strength. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru were the main Swarajist leaders but were not Speakers. Vallabhbhai Patel was not directly involved in the Swaraj Party's legislative activities.

All four listed personalities were associated with the Swaraj Party or the Swarajist movement. Subhash Chandra Bose briefly aligned with them, Vithalbhai Patel became Speaker, N.C. Kelkar was a responsivist supporter, and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (though later prominent in Pakistan) was involved in the council entry movement. Option D is correct.

In September 1923, a special session of Congress was held in Delhi to resolve the conflict between the 'no-changers' (led by Gandhi, who wanted to continue constructive program) and 'pro-changers' (Swarajists who wanted to contest elections). The Delhi compromise allowed both groups to pursue their respective strategies within the Congress framework.

Demands raised by the Indians in the Nehru Report, 1928 were:

1. Responsible government - both in the center and in the provinces
2. Dominion status, not complete independence
3. Universal adult suffrage
4. Equal rights for women
5. Freedom to form trade unions
6. Dissociation of the state from religion in any form

It should be noted that the resolution demanding complete independence instead of dominion status was moved by Jwaharlal Nehru in Madras Session in 1927. Later, based on this resolution, the INC declared 'purna swaraj' or complete independence as its aim in the Lahore Session, 1929.

The correct chronological order of the events given is option B.
A. Chittagong Armoury Case - 18th April, 1930
B. Inauguration of Civil Disobedience Movement - 6th April, 1930
C. Gandhi-Irwin Pact - 5th March, 1931
D. Arrest of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan in Peshawar - 23rd April, 1930

Convinced by the idea that the Indian resistance to the Simon Commission is strong, the British government asked the Indians to formulate an alternative constitutional reforms plan. In this context, a sub-committee was appointed in theAll-Parties' Convention in May 1928. The sub-committee was presided over by Motilal Nehru and it included-

1. Sir Ali Imam and Suhaib Qureshi (Muslims)
2. M.S. Aney and M. Rjayakar (Hindu Mahasabha members)
3. Mangal Singh (from Sikh League)
4. Tej Bhadur Sapru (one of the Liberals)
5. N.M. Joshi (Representative of Labour)
6. G.P. Pradhan (Non-Brahmin)
   Jwaharlal Nehru was the Secretary of the sub-committee.

Commission's Report was published in May 1930. The following recommendations were made by the Commission.

1. Establishment of responsible government in the provinces. However, the Commission did not recommend the establishment of either responsible government or Dyarchy at the Centre.
2. Separate electorates were retained.
3. It proposed reservation of seats for the depressed classes.
4. It recommended for the adoption of the 'federal form of government' in order to cope up with the diversity of the country.

Mr. Brailsford, an English journalist, described Gandhiji's Dandi March as the 'kindergarten stage of revolution' and ridiculed the notion that 'king emperor will be unseated by boiling sea water in a kettle'.

Correct Answer: Montague-Chelmsford reforms