Computer Science Fundamentals and Networking

Android is a Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Hence, it is not a user agent.

Hamming distance is calculated by counting the number of bits that differ in the two given code words. It is calculated by doing the EXCLUSIVE OR operation on the bits of the code words. Hence, the two given code words are a hamming distance 5 apart.

Too many functions or external classes declared as friends of a class with protected or private data may lessen the value of encapsulation of separate classes in object-oriented programming and may indicate a problem in the overall architecture design.

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) provides a 100 Mbit/s optical standard for data transmission in local area network that can extend in range up to 200 kilometers (120 mi). Although FDDI logical topology is a ring-based token network, it does not use the IEEE 802.5 token ring protocol as its basis; instead, its protocol is derived from the IEEE 802.4 token bus timed token protocol.

Non-maskable interrupt (NMI) is a hardware interrupt that lacks an associated bit-mask, so that it can never be ignored. NMIs are used for the highest priority tasks such as timers, especially watchdog timers.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet.

Reverse engineering is the process of discovering the technological principles of a device, object, or system through analysis of its structure, function, and operation.

Non repudiation refers to a state of affairs, where the purported maker of a statement will not be able to successfully challenge the validity of the statement or contract. The term is often seen in a legal setting wherein the authenticity of a signature is being challenged. In such an instance, the authenticity is being repudiated.

The Mobile IP protocol allows location-independent routing of IP datagrams on the Internet. Each mobile node is identified by its home address disregarding its current location in the Internet. While away from its home network, a mobile node is associated with a care-of address which identifies its current location and its home address is associated with the local endpoint of a tunnel to its home agent. Mobile IP specifies how a mobile node registers with its home agent and how the home agent routes datagrams to the mobile node through the tunnel.

This is the condition, when at least two resources must be non-shareable. Only one process can use the resource at any given instant of time.

The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source host on one network to a destination host on a different network (in contrast to the data link layer which connects hosts within the same network), while maintaining the quality of service requested by the transport layer. Since, in broadcast networks, the packets have to be sent to all the hosts, this layer is not mandatory.

Network layer controls the congestion in the network.Modern networks use congestion control and congestion avoidance techniques to try to avoid congestion collapse.

Optimal page replacement policy is an algorithm that works as follows: when a page needs to be swapped in, the operating system swaps out the page whose next use will occur farthest in the future. For example, a page that is not going to be used for the next 6 seconds will be swapped out over a page that is going to be used within the next 0.4 seconds.

An instruction pipeline is a technique used in the design of computers to increase their instruction throughput (the number of instructions that can be executed in a unit of time). Pipelining does not reduce the time to complete an instruction, but increases instruction throughput by performing multiple operations in parallel.

Equivalence partitioning is generally related to black box testing, which is strictly checking a software component at its interface, without consideration of internal structures of the software.