Placenta and Uterus

Decidua basalis (maternal placenta) develops from the maternal uterine tissue.

Thick outer layer that lacks cell boundaries and grows into the endometrial stroma.

Endothelin and prostanoids cause vasoconstriction in placental arteries.

The first placental hormone produced is hCG, which can be found in maternal blood and urine as early as the first missed menstrual period. hCG ensures that the corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen.

There is no such phase in the head-first-presentation delivery.

Placenta accreta is the condition when the placenta implants too deeply, into the actual muscle of the uterine wall.

Zonary type of placenta is found in bitches. The placenta takes the form of a complete or incomplete band of tissue surrounding the fetus.

Abnormal and persistent fear of childbirth is known as tokophobia.

After compactation, the embryo is in the morula stage (32 cells). Cavitation occurs next in which the outermost layer of cells secrete fluid into the morula.

Placental tumor with no embryo development is known as hydatidiform mole. Several forms of hydatidiform mole: partial mole, complete mole and persistent gestational trophoblastic tumor.

Duplex form of uterus has a wholly separate uteri, with one fallopian tube each. Found in marsupials e.g. kangaroo.

Cardinal ligaments extend from the side of the cervix to ischial spines.

Asherman's syndrome occurs when the basal layer of the endometrium is damaged by instrumentation or infection resulting in endometrial scarring followed by adhesion formation which partially or completely obliterates the uterine cavity.

Total hysterectomy is the complete removal of the uterus and cervix, with or without oophorectomy.

Cystocele is the prolapse of urinary bladder into vagina.