Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

Option (1) is correct.

The Supreme Court recognized ‘basic structure’ concept for the first time in the historic Kesavananda Bharati[6] case in 1973. Ever since the Supreme Court has been the interpreter of the Constitution and the arbiter of all amendments made by parliament. In this case validity of the 25th Amendment Act was challenged along with the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-ninth Amendments.

The Right to Property, which was earlier a fundamental right, is now contained in Part XII.

The Fourth Schedule to the Constitution provides for allocation of seats to the States and Union Territories in Rajya Sabha. The allocation of seats is made on the basis of the population of each State. Consequent on the reorganization of States and formation of new States, the number of elected seats in the Rajya Sabha allotted to States and Union Territories has changed from time to time since 1952.

The 42^nd Amendment Act was passed in 1976.
Part IV of the Indian Constitution deals with the DPSPs.

Option (3) is the correct answer. 

Sovereignty is the essential attribute of a state - the supreme authority to govern within its territory without external interference. Democracy, socialism, and nationalism are ideologies or attributes that specific states may adopt, but a state can exist without them. The state requires a defined territory, population, government, and sovereignty.

The Lower House or the Lok Sabha can be dissolved, but the Upper House or the Rajya Sabha is a permanent body.

Parliamentary democracy is criticized for being rigid - it cannot easily adapt to new circumstances because constitutional amendments require special majorities. The other options describe ADVANTAGES: ministers get experience, the head of state is impartial (President), and executive-legislature cooperation enables efficient governance. Option A is the correct demerit.

In presidential systems, the chief executive (President) is elected (directly or indirectly), serves a fixed term, and appoints secretaries who are fully subordinate (not responsible to legislature like ministers). All three features are true of presidential systems. This contrasts with parliamentary systems where the executive is indirectly elected, terms can vary, and ministers are drawn from the legislature.

Anti-Defection Law is contained in the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution, which was introduced by the 52nd Amendment in 1985 during the tenure of Rajiv Gandhi. Earlier, the 10th schedule was related to association of Sikkim with India. Once, Sikkim became full fledged state, this schedule was repealed via the 36th Amendment Act.

The 42^nd Amendment changed the description of India from a "sovereign democratic republic" to a "sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic" and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation".

K. C. Wheare called India a ‘quasi federation’.

Minorities in the Indian Constitution are recognised on the basis of religion.

The Republic is governed in terms of the Constitution of India which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November, 1949 and came into force on 26th January, 1950.