Union and Its Territories

Option 3 is the correct answer.

The provisions regarding the creation of new states are contained in Part I of the Indian Constitution. Specifically, Article 3 in Part I deals with the formation of new states and alteration of existing state boundaries, giving Parliament the authority to reorganize states through ordinary law. Parts II, III, and IV deal with citizenship, fundamental rights, and directive principles respectively.

Sikkim became the last state among the options to be formed, joining India as the 22nd state on May 16, 1975. Manipur, Meghalaya, and Tripura became states on January 21, 1972, while Sikkim remained a protectorate until 1975 when it held a referendum and officially joined the Indian Union. This makes Sikkim chronologically the last among the northeastern states listed.

In the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1950, Indian states were classified into four categories. Part A included former governor's provinces, Part B included former princely states, Part C included chief commissioner's provinces, and Part D included Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Jammu and Kashmir was a former princely state, so it was classified as Part-B type.

Part XXI of the Constitution contains special provisions related to certain states. However, Article 370 granted special autonomous status to Jammu and Kashmir, and the provisions of Part XXI (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions) did not apply to Jammu and Kashmir in the same manner as other states. This was one of Jammu and Kashmir's unique constitutional features before the 2019 reorganization.

The 9th Constitutional Amendment Act (1960) was enacted to give effect to the Indo-Pak agreement transferring Berubari Union territory to Pakistan (as per the Berubari Union Agreement of 1958). The Berubari Union case (1960) dealt with this territorial transfer. The Golaknath case (1967), Keshavananda Bharati case (1973), and Minerva Mills case (1980) were all decided AFTER the 9th Amendment was passed, so the amendment could not have been passed against them. The question asks which case it was passed 'against' - the chronological context points to the Berubari case.

Delhi is a Union Territory with a legislature, and its executive head is the Lt. Governor (not a Governor, which states have). This is because Delhi is not a full state. The Lt. Governor is appointed by the President and administers the UT on behalf of the central government. Goa, Karnataka, and Manipur are full states with Governors as executive heads.

Article 1 of the Constitution declares 'India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States' - explicitly avoiding the term 'federation'. The Constitution establishes a Union with a strong center, not a loose federation. States can be created/organized (Article 3), and territories include states, UTs, and acquirable territories. 'Federation states' is not a constitutional classification.

Andhra Pradesh was the first state formed on linguistic basis.

  Nagaland, Haryana, Sikkim, Arunachal are the sequence of formation of the following states

 Option 3 is correct.