Biological Diversity in Living Organisms - Class IX

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Amphibians are those organisms which live on both land and in water. Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants, though living in soil, need water for sexual reproduction. The sperms of bryophyte (antherozoids) are flagellate and need water to swim to the eggs. In other words, as these plants need water for reproduction unlike other plants, they are called as amphibians.

Genus is a principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family. Order is an assemblage of families resembling one another in a few characters. Phylum is a principal taxonomic category that ranks above class and below kingdom, equivalent to division in botany.

The two words comprising binomial nomenclature are genus and species.

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Carolus Linnaeus is also known as the ‘Father of Binomial Nomenclature’.

Gymnosperms have naked seeds. The reproductive organs of plants (flowers) are inconspicuous (not visible). Therefore, they are also known as 'cryptogams'.  

Thallophytes lack vascular tissues.Thallophytes are a polyphyletic group of non-mobile organisms, traditionally described as "thalloid plants", "relatively simple plants" or "lower plants".

Thallophytes – Algae belong to this division. 
Algae are photosynthetic and live mainly in water. For example, sea weeds. An alga does not have true leaves, roots or stems as compared to plants. Therefore, it belongs to division Thallophyta. 

Marsilea is an aquatic fern. The long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are held above water or are submerged. Marsilea belongs to pteridophyta.

Amphibians - ‘Amphi' means 'both' and 'bios' means life. Animals that spend some time on land must breed (mate and produce young ones) and develop into an adult under water. Amphibians possess both lungs and gills for respiration. For example, frogs, toads and salamanders. Therefore, they can live both on land and in water. 

Pteridophytes have well-developed vascular tissues. All the vegetative parts possess vascular tissues organised into steles or vascular bundles.  

There are many kinds of fish, some with skeletons made entirely of cartilage, such as sharks, and some with a skeleton made of both bone and cartilage, such as tuna or rohu.

Notochord (chord – string) is a long, flexible rod-like structure that provides support to the body. Animals that possess notochord are called chordates and animals without notochord are called non-chordates, e.g. platyhelminthes, porifera, coelenterata, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, etc. are all non-chordates. 
<o:p>Vertebrata - The members of vertebrata possess notochord during the embryonic period. The notochord is later replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult. Thus, all vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates.

Echinodermata includes free-living and marine animals. It is also known as group of marine animals.
Free-living means the ability to move and live independently.
Marine – Living in sea. In Greek, ‘echino’ means hedgehog and ‘derma’ means skin. Therefore, they are spiny-skinned organisms. They are found at the bottom of the ocean and in the deep sea. They often make up the bulk of living material. Examples are starfish and sea urchins.<o:p>
Protochordata includes marine animals that are not free-living, e.g. Balanoglossus, Amphioxus, etc.<o:p>
Mollusca - It is the second largest animal group (first largest group is Arthropoda). Molluscs are terrestrial (living on land) or aquatic (marine or freshwater) having an organ-system level of organisation. Examples are snails and mussels.

<o:p>Platyhelminthes - The body of the animals in this group is dorsoventrally flattened (top to bottom), which is why these animals are called flatworms. They are either free-living or parasitic. Examples of free-living animals are planarians and parasitic animals like liver flukes. 

Snakes, lizards and turtles belong to class Reptilia. Animals of this class are cold-blooded, bear scales and breathe through lungs. Most of them have a three-chambered heart except crocodiles, which have four-chambered heart. They lay eggs with tough coverings.<o:p>
Notochord (chord – string) is a long flexible rod that provides support to the body. Animals with notochord are called chordates and without notochord are called non-chordates. Reptiles are chordates with a true vertebral column and internal skeleton.