SELECT SUBSTR ('Hello',) FROM dual;

SELECT INITCAP (TRIM ('Hello World',1,1) FROM dual;

SELECT LOWER (SUBSTR ('Hello World',1,1) FROM dual

SELECT LOWER (SUBSTR ('Hello World',2,1) FROM dual;

SELECT LOWER (TRIM ('H' FROM 'Hello World')) FROM dual;

Updating

Viewing

Deleting

Inserting

Truncating

INSTR returns the numeric position of a named character.

NVL2 returns the first non-null expression in the expression list.

DECODE translates an expression after comparing it to each search value

TRIM trims the heading of trailing characters (or both) from a character string

NVL compares two expressions and returns null if they are equal, or the first expression of they are not equal

NULLIF compares twp expressions and returns null if they are equal, or the first expression if they are not equal

Convert 10 to 'TEN'

Convert '10' to 10

Convert '10' to '10'

Convert 'TEN' to 10

Convert a date to a character expression

Convert a character expression to a date

The sort is in ascending by order by default

The sort is in descending order by default

The ORDER BY clause must precede the WHERE clause

The ORDER BY clause is executed on the client side

The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement

The ORDER BY clause is executed first in the query execution

update more than one row at a time.

delete more than one row at a time.

update only one row at a time.

delete only one row at a time.

COMMIT

MERGE

UPDATE

DELETE

CREATE

DROP

FROM

SEARCH

WHERE

while

The loss of an entire redo log file group, but no loss in any other group

The loss of one member of each redo log file group

The failure of the ARC0 background process

The failure of the LGWR background process

The last redo log file switch

The last checkpoint position

The last commit

The last incremental backup using RMAN

ALTER SYSTEM ARCHIVELOG;

ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;

ALTER SYSTEM SET ARCHIVELOG=TRUE;

ALTER DATABASE ENABLE ARCHIVELOG MODE;

ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG MODE;

MOUNT

NOMOUNT

OPEN

SHUTDOWN

Any of the above

Database performance

Guards against failure

Faster archiving

Writes are concurrent, so having control files on different disks speeds up control file writes

ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE ‘/logs/redo22.log’ TO GROUP 2;

ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE MEMBER ‘/logs/redo22.log’ TO GROUP 2;

ALTER DATABASE ADD MEMBER ‘/logs/redo22.log’ TO GROUP 2;

ALTER DATABASE ADD LOGFILE ‘/logs/redo22.log’;

LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST

STANDBY_ARCHIVE_DEST

LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLEX_DEST

DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST

USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST

Archive log file

Redo log file

Control file

Alert log file

V$INSTANCE

V$LOG

V$DATABASE

V$THREAD

Commit

Cursors

savepoint

truncate

Union All

Distinct

Unique

Intersect

Union

Intersect

Minus

None of above