Coal and Petroleum

Carbonisation is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue through paralysis or destructive distillation.

Kerosene oil is used as fuel for stoves, lamps and for jet aircrafts.<o:p>

Magnetite is an ore of iron. 

Naphthalene balls are obtained from petroleum by fractional distillation.

Inexhaustible: The resources which are present in unlimited quantity in nature and are not likely to be exhausted by human activities. For example, wild life, sun and wind.

Anthracite is the highest rank of coal. It has a carbon content of over 87% on a dry ash-free basis.

Natural gas is stored under high pressure as compressed natural gas (CNG). CNG is used for power generation. It is now being used as a fuel for transport vehicles because it is less polluting. It is a cleaner fuel.

LPG is a mixture of 60% propane and 40% butane for commercial uses. The higher grade propane mix is approximately 90% propane and 10% butane.

Coal gas is obtained during the processing of coal to get coke. It is used as a fuel in many industries situated near the coal processing plants.

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.

Coke is a tough, porous and black substance. It is almost pure form of carbon. Coke is used in the manufacture of steel and in the extraction of many metals.

In India, Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) advises people how to save petrol/diesel while driving.

Natural gas is the purest fuel, which burns completely in air to produce large amount of energy and no smoke is produced.

 Petrochemicals are substances obtained from petroleum. 

Petrol and diesel are obtained from petroleum by the fractional distillation process.

Crude oil or petroleum is found deposited under the sea. It is fossil fuel.  As these organisms died, their bodies settled at the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay. Over millions of years, absence of air, high temperature and high pressure transformed the dead organisms into petroleum and natural gas.

As coal contains mainly carbon, the slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal in presence of air is called carbonisation.

Many useful substances are obtained from petroleum and natural gas. These are termed as ‘petrochemicals’. These are used in the manufacture of detergents, fibres (polyester, nylon, acrylic etc.)

Petrol is used as motor fuel, aviation fuel, solvent for dry cleaning, etc. It is obtained from fractions of petroleum by refining.

Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbon with  hetro-atom such as oxygen , nitrogen , sulphur, etc. 

Petroleum gas, petrol, diesel and lubricating oil are products of petroleum.

Petroleum is used in the manufacture of detergents, fibres (polyester, nylon, acrylic, etc.), polythene and other man-made plastics. Due to its great commercial importance, petroleum is also called ‘black gold’.

Hydrogen gas obtained from natural gas is used in the production of fertilizers (urea).

Paraffin wax is a heavy hydrocarbon that is extracted from crude oil (petrochemical).  Paraffin waxes are produced by refining or separating the waxes out of crude mineral oils.<o:p>

In destructive distillation, coal is heated strongly in absence of air. It changes and forms coke. The gas released in the process is passed through water. On doing this, some of the compounds get condensed and settle down at the bottom of container and coal tar is obtained.

Diamond is an allotrope of carbon.