Human Physiology

Cerebellum lies at the lower back of the head being connected to the brain stem. It is the second largest structure of the brain and is made up of two hemispheres. The cerebellum controls complex motor functions such as walking, balance, posture, and general motor co-ordination including voluntary and involuntary movements.

Astrocytes have many cytoplasmic processes terminating on blood vessels. These cells are engaged in all essential CNS functions, including blood flow regulation, maintaining the blood brain barrier, energy metabolism, ion and water homeostasis, immune defence of the body.

Pyramidal system is responsible for fine, isolated, precise and specific movements including gross, syngergic movements that require the activity of large groups of muscles. Thus, when a baby begins to walk, the pyramidal system controls skeletal muscle tone and co-ordinates learned movement patterns.

A seizure is defined as an uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain, which may produce a physical convulsion, minor physical signs, thought disturbances, etc. Thus, Mr. Bhatia must be suffering from seizure.

Quadriplegia is a condition of paralysis where an individual loses complete or partial use of all limbs and the torso. It results due to extensive damage to the spinal cord.

It is a point on the surface of the skull at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures. Here the coronal suture is intersected perpendicularly by the sagittal suture.

The sella turcica is found on the surface of the sphenoid bone. It is a structure in the skull that supports the pituitary gland.

The groove for radial nerve lies on the posterior facet of shaft of humerus. It is a shallow groove descending laterally and posteriorly carrying the radial nerve distally.

The fundus of the urinary bladder is the base of the bladder formed by the posterior wall. The smooth muscle of bladder contracts to expel urine from the body. The trigone lies in the internal surface of fundus of bladder.

Microglia are regarded as the immune cells of the brain. After an injury, these cells undergo rapid change, altering their appearance, migrating to the site of the damage to help clear away and clean up dead, dying cells and cell debris.

The coronary sinus orifice of the right atrium is the aperture via. which approximately 90% venous drainage of the heart is returned to the circulation by the coronary sinus.

It is the part of the male urethra lying between the layers of the urogenital diaphragm and connects the parts of the urethra passing through the prostate gland and the penis. The second constriction of male urethra lies in membranous part.

The palatine tonsil is the pair of tonsils that can be seen on the left and right side at the back of the throat. They lie between palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch.

The pharyngeal opening of auditory tube defines as an opening in the upper nasopharynx behind the posterior extremity of the inferior concha on each side.

Orifice of the pumonary trunk is the opening between the pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle of the mammalian heart.