Human Physiology

It is true that fetal heart rate is faster than an adult heart rate, which ranges from 100 -140 beats per minute. Changes in the fetal heart rate, which occur with contractions, form a pattern. Baby's heart rate increases with mother's movement and with uterine contractions.

The newborns first breath the lungs, which were filled with fluid during pregnancy. The lungs must suddenly fill with oxygen from the air. The fluid in the lungs is removed through the blood and lymph system, and is replaced by air. At the same time, vigorous blood circulation in the lungs begins.

It is the correct statement. In foetus, the kidney participates in whole-body homeostasis regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations and extracellular fluid volume.

A single gene on the Y, called SRY, triggers testes development in the early embryo and once these begin to form, the rest of the embryo also becomes male. Thus, the sex of the developing embryo is determined by a single gene present on the Y chromosome.

This is the correct answer. Fetal blood has a higher hemoglobin content than adult blood and fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for O₂ than adult hemoglobin. Therefore, O₂ content of blood in the umbilical vein is about 160 ml/l.

Semen is a viscous whitish secretion of the male reproductive organs during ejaculation containing spermatozoa and consisting secretions of the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.

Placenta is the first organ to develop when blastocyst embeds itself. Nutrients diffuse into the umbilical cord at the placenta that then pass through the ammnionic sac into the fetus. Thus, the placenta nourishes the developing embryo by the dialysis pattern.

In a pregnant lady, the plasma hCG levels are the highest between weeks 8 and 10 of gestation as the hCG is secreted by the early embryo.

This statement is correct. The placental steroid secretion decelarates lactation during pregnancy in order to maintain the pregnancy.

This is the correct answer. At birth, a human ovary contains about 2,00,000 eggs. They are enclosed in a single layer of cells called the primordial follicles. The ovaries do not produce any more egg. Women are born with all of the eggs they ever have.

It is the correct answer. Progesterone promotes thickening of the uterine lining and inhibits the anterior pituitary from secreting FSH.

As salivary secretion increases, so does its bicarbonate concentration. This results in an increase in salivary pH.

During the preantral phase, the follicular cells acquire receptors for various hormones. The granulosa cells develop receptors for FSH and estrogen while the thecal cells acquire receptors for LH.

Parietal cells produce gastric acid, a strong acid that helps to break down food. These cells produce gastric enzymes such as pepsinogen and lipase, which helps us to digest.

The enterogastric reflex is a general term, which is used to describe all the hormonal and nervous mechanisms that control gastric emptying.

This statement is correct.  Acid in contract with the duodenal wall causes the secretion of secretin, which stimulates a copious alkaline secretion by the cells of the pancreatic ducts.

Most bile salts are reabsorbed in the terminal ileum and returned to the liver by the enterohepatic circulation.

Animal protein is complete protein and contains all 20 amino acids, which are used by the body to synthesize new proteins.

Children whose diet is protein deficient are at a risk of developing kwashiorkor.

This is the correct answer. There is no absorption of peptide longer than four amino acids. However, there is great absorption of di- and tripeptides in the small intestine. These small peptides are absorbed into small intestinal epithelial cell by co-transport with H⁺ ions through a transporter called PepT1.

Intrinsic factor secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric glands is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12.

This is the correct statement. Excess vitamin A is highly toxic and can cause a variety of neurological problems.

These are mechanoreceptor. They are nerve endings present in the skin which are responsible for perception to vibration and pressure. Vibrational role is used by an individual to detect surface like rough vs. smooth.

As a consequence of stimulation with luteinizing hormone, the interstitial cells (Leydig) secrete testosterone into the intertubular tissue, where it is absorbed by blood vessels, lymphatics, and the seminiferous tubules.

It is a slow adopting mechanoreceptor. It detects tension deep in the skin.