Microbiology

HU is the most abundant protein in prokaryotes. 

This is a characteristic of eukaryotes.

This is true. Microbes have built up specialized transport systems called siderophores. After the molecule is transported in, it gives up the iron ion which is then reduced to the ferrous form (Fe 2+). These siderophores are recycled.

This is true for filamentous fungi. Here the plasmids are frequently found in isolates of natural populations.

During the stationary phase, the nutrients in the culture medium are used up and the inhibitory end products of metabolism get accumulated.

When complex molecules get split (catabolism), some energy is liberated and stored in ATP. The remaining energy is given off as heat. When simple molecules combine together (anabolism), ATP provides the required energy.

This is true. Propionibacteria can transform lactic acid to pyruvic acid in preparing for the Kreb’s cycle.

The species grows very slowly in culture.

Edgar Altenburg demonstrated the mutational effect of UV radiation in 1928.

All of the mentioned organisms can bring about biological nitrogen fixation.

Reverse transcriptase, also referred to as RNA-directed DNA polymerase, is an enzyme encoded from the genetic material of retroviruses. It catalyzes the transcription of retrovirus RNA (ribonucleic acid) into DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). This catalyzed transcription is the reverse process of normal cellular transcription of DNA into RNA, that is why it is called the reverse transcriptase.

Potato spindle virus has no capsid.

These plasmids are used for reducing the expression of endogenous genes. This is often attained through the expression of an shRNA while targeting the mRNA of the gene of interest. These plasmids possess promoters that can influence the expression of short RNAs.

Acridine orange, proflavin and ethidium bromide are flat, multiple ring molecules which react with DNA bases and insert between them. This insertion creates a stretching in the DNA duplex and the DNA polymerase is fooled into inserting an extra base opposite an intercalated molecule. The result is that intercalating agents cause frameshifts.

A retrovirus is an RNA virus, which replicates inside a host cell by the process of reverse transcription. Initially it employs its own reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome. This is the opposite of the normal pattern and hence, it is called retro or backwards. This new DNA is in turn included into the host's genome by an integrase enzyme.

‘S ‘ denotes both Svedberg subunit and Sedimentation coefficient.

EM or electron microscopy is the process by which the size of a virus can be measured accurately.

The correct sequence will be 3’AGGUUCAAU5’

This statement is wrong. The correct statement is - Inside the cell there are two strands of RNA that have three enzymes, protease, reverse transcriptase and integrase.

This type of mutation causes a change in all the amino acids downstream.