Governor Generals and Viceroys

The Ring Fence policy (Ring Fence System) was introduced by Warren Hastings (1773-1785) as a defensive strategy for the East India Company. Under this policy, the Company would protect its allied states from external threats (especially from Marathas and Afghans) in exchange for financial and military cooperation. The 'ring fence' created a buffer of protected territories around Company lands. Henry Lawrence later used similar principles, Lord Hastings expanded subsidiary alliances, and Lord Dalhousie pursued the Doctrine of Lapse.

The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP, now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan) was created as a separate administrative province in 1901 during Lord Curzon's Viceroyalty (1899-1905). Curzon recognized the need for specialized administration of this tribal region due to its strategic importance and unique challenges. Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) dealt with WWI and Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, Lord Elgin (1862-1863 and 1894-1899) served earlier, and Lord Elgin II is not a historically distinct tenure - Curzon is the correct answer.

Correct answer is (4). 

The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 during Lord Dufferin's tenure (1884-1889). A.O. Hume organized the first session in Bombay with Lord Dufferin's support to provide a safe outlet for political grievances.

The Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act of 1899 was passed during Lord Curzon's tenure (1899-1905). This act established the gold standard for Indian currency, replacing the silver standard and linking the rupee to gold.

The period of Lord Irwin's rule as the Indian Viceroy was regarded as a phase of great political turmoil in the country. He witnessed several important events which included the Simon Commission report, Nehru report, All Parties' Conference, Jinnah's 14 points and Civil Disobedience Movement.

Lord Lytton (1876-1880) organized the Grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as 'Kaiser-i-Hind' (Empress of India). This elaborate ceremony was held despite the famine raging in India at the time, showing colonial priorities.

The office of the governor general was changed to viceroys in 1876 and they became the direct representatives of the British Crown. Lord Irwin or Lord Edward Frederick Wood Irwin was appointed as the Indian Viceroy in April 1926 and was in office till 1931. 

The Vernacular Press Act was passed in 1878 under the Governor Generalship and Viceroyalty of Lord Lytton, for 'better control' of Indian language newspapers. The purpose of the act was to control the printing and circulation of seditious material, calculated to produce disaffection, which was already present against the British Government in India in the minds of the masses.

Lord Hardinge's tenure was a memorable one, seeing the visit of King George V and the Delhi Durbar of 1911, as well as the move of the capital from Calcutta to New Delhi in 1912.

In the summer of 1945, a conference was convened at Simla by the Viceroy, Lord Wavell, who had recently returned from England with the approval of the Newspaper report of the outcome of the Shimla Conference British Cabinet to a proposal for reconstituting the Executive Council in consultation with Indian leaders.

Correct answer is (3). 

Lord Macartney was the British Governor of Madras who concluded the Treaty of Mangalore with Tipu Sultan.

The Home Rule Movement was launched in 1916 during Lord Hardinge's tenure (1910-1916). Led by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, it demanded self-government for India, inspired by Ireland's Home Rule movement.

Lord Canning (1856-1862) withdrew the Doctrine of Lapse after the 1857 revolt. This doctrine, initiated by Lord Dalhousie, allowed annexation of Indian states without a male heir. Its withdrawal was an attempt to calm Indian anger after the uprising.