Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, and establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions. The Constitution of India has been divided into 25 parts currently.

India has a multi-party system where several national and regional parties compete in elections. While one party may form the government, many parties exist and win seats. A one-party system has only one legal party (like China). A bi-party system has two dominant parties (like the US). India's diversity makes multiple parties inevitable.

 The Constituent Assembly adopted the National Flag on 22^nd July, 1947

The Indian federation is similar to that of Canada.

The Indian Constitution describes India as a 'Union of States,' borrowed from the Canadian Constitution. This emphasizes that states are not independent entities but units of an indivisible union. The American Constitution uses a federal structure where states joined voluntarily. The British Constitution is unitary. The Russian model is different.

Correct Answer: Australia

Correct answer is (4). 

The Preamble to the Indian Constitution declares India to be a 'Secular' state, meaning the state treats all religions equally and does not promote or discriminate based on religion. The Directive Principles contain policy guidelines. The Sixth Schedule deals with tribal areas. The Appendix is not a constitutional feature.

The Assembly met in its second plenary session from January 20-24, 1947 and adopted an 'Objective Resolution' moved by Jawaharlal Nehru. The objective of the framers of the constitution was declared to be the creation of Sovereign Democratic Republic for India.

The Indian constitution was prepared in 2 years 11 months and 18 days.

The Preamble to the Indian Constitution mentions Justice (social, economic, and political), Liberty (of thought, expression, faith, and worship), Equality (of status and opportunity), and Fraternity. It does NOT mention 'Education' as one of its key words. Education became a fundamental right later through the 86th Amendment (Article 21A), but is not in the original Preamble.

The Indian Constitution has clearly distributed powers between the union and the states, but the centre has been given long list of exclusive powers. So, the Indian Constitution is regarded as federal in form and unitary in spirit.

A federation is an association of states that come together to form a new political entity where both the central government and the states derive their power from a common constitution. Neither dominates the other - each has its own sphere of authority. Options A, B, and C incorrectly describe dominance, dependence, or interference rather than constitutional division of power.

Secularism in the Indian Constitution means the state does not discriminate against any citizen on the basis of religion. It treats all religions equally and maintains neutrality. It does NOT mean opposition to religion (that would be atheism), banning religious parties, or prohibiting conversion. The state may regulate secular activities associated with religion but cannot promote any particular faith.

In India's parliamentary system, the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (lower house). They must retain the confidence of the Lok Sabha majority to remain in office. The Ministry is not responsible to the Rajya Sabha, both Houses jointly, or the President (Head of State). If the Lok Sabha rejects a government decision, the Ministry must resign.

India, the UK, and Bangladesh all have parliamentary systems where the executive is responsible to the legislature. The United States has a presidential system where the President is both Head of State and Head of Government, separate from Congress. The US President is not accountable to Congress in the same way parliamentary executives are.

Indian Constitution provides for parliamentary form of government.

The Indian Constitution adopts the Westminster parliamentary model from the UK, including the Cabinet system, bicameral legislature, parliamentary democracy framework, and parliamentary privileges, while adapting these institutions to Indian needs.

Originally, there were 395 articles, 22 parts and 8 schedules in the Constitution of India. Now, the Constitution of India has 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 98 amendments. 

The Union List or List-I is a list of 100 items (the last item is numbered 97) given in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India.