Microorganisms: Friend and Foe

Yeast is the organism, which is added to the dairy products to increase their volume. When the yeast cells multiply, they breathe and release carbon dioxide, which causes an increase in the volume of food products. 

The causal organism is bacteria.

Polio, chicken pox, and influenza are the diseases for which the causal organism is virus, whereas malaria is an example of a bacterial disease. 

Antibiotics are the preparation made from modified bacteria, which act against any bacterial infection, whereas, pathogen refers to the disease causing organisms. Carrier organisms transmit disease from a diseased person to a healthy one and invaders refer to any organisms, which enter into our body irrespective of the fact whether it is useful or harmful. 

Yeast cells undergo anaerobic respiration and convert the grape sugar into alcohol. The process is known as fermentation. Also, they are used in baking industry to raise the volume of the products, but cheese preparation does not need an action of yeast.

Microorganisms are such a group of organisms which are omni-present, from oceans to deserts, from -25^oC to +25^oC, inside human body or in the air.

Diabetes is the disease for which no microbe is responsible but is caused due to the improper functioning of a particular body organ. Therefore, it can't be cured by vaccine. 

Antibiotics are the substances that destroy or inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, whereas, pathogen refers to a disease causing organism. Vaccine refers to a biological preparation, which is made from modified viruses or bacteria to induce immunity in human beings, and antibodies are present in the blood and helps fighting against infections. 

During curd formation, milk, sugar and lactose are converted into lactic acid by the action of the bacteria lactobacillus, thereby making curd taste sour.

Fermentation is the metabolic process where yeast or bacteria convert sugars (glucose) into alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide. It is used in brewing, winemaking, and bread-making.

Bacteria do not decompose non-biodegradable wastes.

Plant waste decomposition is carried out by soil microbes (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes) that secrete enzymes breaking down cellulose, lignin, and other organic compounds into simpler substances for nutrient cycling.

Rhizobium is a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria that lives in root nodules of leguminous plants. Anabaena and Nostoc are free-living cyanobacteria, and Azobacta (likely Azotobacter) is a free-living soil bacteria.

Salmonella is a genus of bacteria (not an antibiotic) that causes food poisoning. Streptomycin, Tetracycline, and Erythromycin are all antibiotics produced by or derived from microorganisms.

Vaccines work against infectious diseases caused by pathogens like viruses and bacteria. Smallpox, diphtheria, and tuberculosis are infectious diseases for which vaccines exist (smallpox has even been eradicated through vaccination). Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder not caused by a pathogen, so it cannot be prevented or cured by any vaccine.

Female Aedes mosquito acts as a carrier of dengue.

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections, not the organisms themselves. 'Invaders' is too vague a term. Carriers are organisms that harbor pathogens without showing symptoms themselves.

Communicable diseases spread from person to person through pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Cholera (waterborne bacterial), chickenpox (viral), and tuberculosis (airborne bacterial) are all infectious communicable diseases. Arthritis is a non-communicable chronic condition involving joint inflammation and degeneration.

Multicellular algae generally live in two forms, either isolated or in colonies. Volvox is the only example of multicellular algae out of the given four, which lives by forming colonies whereas the other three stay isolated.

Vaccines work by introducing weakened or dead forms of pathogens (or their components) into the body. This stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells without causing actual disease. When the real pathogen attacks later, the body is prepared to fight it off. Vaccines do not contain antibiotics, antibodies, or living healthy microbes.