Computer Aptitude - 10

Buses are the electrical pathways that enable data transfer between the CPU, memory, and other components on the motherboard. Flash memory is storage, CMOS is BIOS memory, bays house drives, and peripherals are external devices. Only buses serve as the communication highway within the motherboard itself.

 Option (1) is correct.

The cursor is the blinking indicator (usually a vertical line or underscore) that shows where text will be inserted on the screen. The mouse is a pointing device, logo refers to a brand symbol, hand and palm are cursor shapes but not the blinking insertion point itself. The cursor's blinking indicates the active text input position.

1 megabyte (MB) = 1024 kilobytes
1 kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes
So, 1 MB = 1024 * 1024 bytes = 1048576 bytes
Which is approximately equal to 1 million bytes.

When cutting and pasting, the item cut is temporarily stored in the clipboard.

Checksums use one's complement arithmetic to detect errors in data transmission. Data is divided into words, summed using one's complement arithmetic, and the complement is sent as the checksum. The receiver performs the same calculation - a non-zero result indicates an error. Parity checks are simpler, CRC is more robust, and 2D parity adds extra dimensions but none use one's complement like checksums.

An applet is a small application compiled to bytecode that runs on the client side, typically within a browser or JVM. While applets are interpreted at runtime, they are first compiled to bytecode before distribution. Visitor tracking and data collection are web server functions, not applet characteristics. The key distinction is that applets are pre-compiled programs delivered to clients.

Magnetic tape is a sequential-access medium, meaning data must be read in order - to reach a specific point, you must fast-forward through all preceding data. This makes it impractical for applications requiring quick random access to specific data items. Random-access media (like disks) can directly access any location, while sequential nature is tape's fundamental limitation for quick data retrieval.

The four key characteristics of data warehouses are: subject-oriented (organized by subject), integrated (consistent data from multiple sources), time-variant (historical perspective), and NON-VOLATILE (not updateable). Data warehouses are designed for read-heavy analytical queries, not transactional updates. Updateable is the characteristic that does NOT apply to traditional data warehouses.

 The total set of interlinked hypertext documents worldwide is WWW.

Computer viruses are software programs that operate at the software/application level. They can corrupt programs, delete files, and cause disk crashes through file system damage, but they cannot physically damage hardware components like the motherboard. The motherboard is physical hardware - viruses cannot cause it to crash in a hardware sense. This is a key distinction between software and hardware damage.

A range check validates that a numeric input falls within a predefined acceptable range (minimum and maximum values). Unlike type checks (data type validation), presence checks (required fields), or consistency checks (cross-field logic), range checks specifically verify that a number is within specified bounds - for example, ensuring age is between 0 and 120 or percentage between 0 and 100.

In object-oriented programming, encapsulation means an object hides its internal implementation details from the programmer, exposing only necessary interfaces through public methods. This information hiding is a core principle that protects data integrity and reduces complexity.

A modem (modulator-demodulator) converts digital computer signals to analog signals for transmission over telephone lines, then converts analog signals back to digital at the receiving end. This enables digital devices to communicate over analog phone infrastructure.

Option (3) is correct. 

In Java, packages must be imported before they can be used in a program. The import statement makes classes and interfaces from other packages available to the current code, allowing organized code reuse across different packages.

 Programming language built into user programs such as Word and Excel are known as visual programming languages.

Firewalls are network security devices that monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. Their primary function is to protect against unauthorized access attempts and malicious network intrusions, not specifically viruses or data-driven attacks.

In modern C++ (and C99+), single-line comments begin with double slashes (//). This syntax tells the compiler to ignore everything from // to the end of that line. Option B shows this correctly (with a space, but the description is accurate).

SQL DDL (Data Definition Language) includes CREATE commands for Schema, Table, and View. These define the structure and relationships in a database. CREATE TABLE defines tables, CREATE VIEW defines virtual tables, and CREATE SCHEMA defines logical database groupings.

CGI (Common Gateway Interface) is the standard protocol for web servers to pass user requests to application programs and return data to the user. It enables dynamic content generation by allowing web servers to communicate with external applications that process requests and generate responses.

In client/server computing, data is sent only upon the client's request. The client initiates requests for specific data, and the server responds with just the requested information. This request-response model minimizes unnecessary data transfer and processing.