Plants Kingdom (UPCAT)

Sclereid cells in vascular plants help prevent the collapse of soft tissues during water stress via thick, lignified walls.They are found in fruit or seed walls and also in the flesh of apple and pineapple. 

The root endodermis is the cylindrical boundary that separates the inner vascular tissue from the outer cortex. It is the innermost layer of cortex formed by compactly arranged barrel-shaped cells. Some of the cells in the endodermis are thin-walled and are known as passage cells. The passage cells allow water to pass into the xylem vessels.

The single-celled haploid spore germinates, dividing by the normal process (mitosis), which maintains the number of chromosomes at n. The result is a multi-cellular haploid organism, called the gametophyte (because it produces gametes at maturity).

Mesophyll is the ground tissue that occurs between the two epidermal layers.

A non-vascular plant usually grows in moist and shady places.

Ergastic substances are virtually present in the form of secretory products or storage products or excretory products.

Osterosclereids (also called bone or hour-glass cells) are columnar cells similar to macrosclereids, except they are enlarged at the ends, making them bone-shaped. These are branched as star. 

Mesophyll is the ground tissue lying between two epidermal layers. It is particularly composed of chlorenchyma cells. The mesophyll is a  palisade parenchyma and a lower spongy parenchyma.

Medullary parenchyma is found radially arranged in between the vascular bundles in the stem. It arises from neural crest cells. It is meant for storage of reserve food.

In some plants, the hypodermis is a layer of cells immediately below the epidermis of leaves and stems. It is made up of a few layers of either collenchyma cells (as in dicot stem) or sclerenchyma cells (as in monocot stem). It is often mechanically strengthened.

Xanthophylls are structural components of the light harvesting antenna in chloroplasts. They are yellow pigments xanthophylls are found in highest quantity in the leaves of most green plants, where they are capable to modulate light energy in photosynthesis.

A cotyledon is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Two large green hemispherical structures which enclose the embryonic axis is called as the cotyledons.The cotyledons are important because it give nutrients during the early development of the plant before starting the process of photosynthesis.

Phloem Parenchyma is living and has thin cell walls. These cells form the packing tissue between all the other types of cells. They are meant only for storage of organic food.

Phosphorus is important in plant bioenergetics.It is a component of the complex nucleic acid structure of plants, which regulates protein synthesis. As a component of ATP, phosphorus is needed for the conversion of light energy to chemical energy (ATP) during photosynthesis. It is a primary macronutrient of the plants

Nitrogen is an essential component of all proteins.Nitrogen deficiency is probably the most common problem in rice and tends to be of large economic significance. Nitrogen deficient plants shows a remarkable purple appearance on the stems, petioles and underside of leaves from an accumulation of anthocyanin pigments.

The type of xylem in which protoxylem better known as first made xylem lies towards the outside of the metaxylem (later formed xylem) is called the exarch xylem.The roots of vascular plants are normally considered to have exarch development.

Phycocyanobilin is a blue phycobilin. Phycocyanobilin is present only in the phycobiliproteins allophycocyanin and phycocyanin, of which it is the terminal acceptor of energy.It is predominately found in cyanobacteria red algae.

This one is the incorrect statement as when the plant is an embryo, vascular tissue emerges from procambium tissue, which is at the center of the embryo. Protophloem itself appears in the mid-vein extending into the cotyledonary node, which constitutes the first appearance of a leaf in angiosperms, where it forms continuous strands.

The vessel element is one of the two cell types of tracheary elements, the other is the tracheid. It is virtually found in flowering plants but absent from most gymnosperms such as conifers. Vessel elements are the main feature categorizing the hardwood of angiosperms from the softwood of conifers.