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Transactions and Concurrency Control

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following scenarios may leaves the transaction vulnerable to dirty reads, phantom reads etc.. in a database system?

  1. A transaction writes a data item after it is read by an uncommitted transaction.
  2. A transaction reads a data item after it is read by an uncommitted transaction.
  3. A transaction reads a data item after it is written by a committed transaction.
  4. A transaction reads a data item after it is written by an uncommitted transaction.
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