Human Physiology (UPCAT)

Prematurity is the most important risk factor, with IVH being very rare in term infants.

The link between the kidneys and the bladder is the ureter. The urethra drains urine out of the bladder.

The major cause of physiological jaundice is increased bilirubin production due to increased haemoglobin levels at birth and a shortened red cell lifespan.

Selectins are a family of molecules, not cells. l-selectin is involved in the entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes and is the lymphocyte homing receptor, which recognises the high endothelial venule (HEV) addressin molecule.

There are receptors for C3b on the surface of phagocytic cells.

Glomerular filtration of molecules depends on their size and their charge. Small molecules are filtered more because they pass through the filtration barrier more easily than large molecules.

Patients with cold hemagglutinin disease have monoclonal anti-blood group I, leading to an autoimmune hemolytic anemia. It consists of warm-, cold- or mixed-reactive antibody types that are directed against antigens on the red blood cell surface. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection can cause cold hemagglutinin disease.

Maple bark stripper's disease is a type III extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to continual inhalation of Cryptostroma spores, which induce high antibody levels.

There is no evidence that this leads to excess Candida infections or to poor nutrition.

These are of the myeloid lineage.

By far, the vast majority of gamma delta T-cells are 'double negative' CD4–CD8–.

Plasma cells produce immunoglobulins of all isotypes, including IgE.

IgM is the class which appears early following the first encounter with a specific antigen.

They are circulating immature macrophages or dendritic cells.

The muscularis externa consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer.

IL-8 produced by endothelial cells later in the inflammatory response is a powerful chemotactic agent for neutrophils.

Fructose is the natural simplest sugar found in fruits and vegetables.

This is an anti-inflammatory drug. 

64% of ALL are the pre-B-cell type.

This is a major portal of entry, though not the only one. 

Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are newly synthesised by mast cells using the cyclo-oxygenase pathway. The leukotrienes B4, C4 and D4 (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis, SRS-A) are also newly synthesised by the mast cell in this instance using the lipoxygenase pathway.

P-selectin is a lectin that binds the Sialyl Lewisx carbohydrate determinants on the mucin-like PSGL-1 (P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1).

B lymphocytes secrete antibodies and cytokines and are responsible for antigen-specific humoral responses. 

Whorled aggregates of epithelial cells form these highly characteristic structures found in the thymus. They serve as a disposal system for dying thymocytes.

After passing via the small intestine, food reaches into the large intestine, where some of the water and electrolytes, mainly sodium, are removed from the food.