Principle: Copyright infringement is the unauthorized use of copyrighted material in a manner that violates one of the copyright owner’s exclusive rights, such as the right to reproduce or to make derivative works that build upon it.

Which of the following can be considered as a valid act of “copyright infringement”?

Option 1: A book once published can be used by a reade, and notes/content may be made from the same by any reader. Drawing conclusions or notes on published material does not amount to infringement. 

Option 2: A popular TV broadcaster would never show a movie without having bought out its rights. For example, popular broadcasters viz. Star TV, ZEE Cinema can show only those movies for which they have bought the rights from respective production houses. 

Option 3: Copying content from two books and producing a new book amounts to republishing of already published material from more than one source is a clear case of "copyright infringement". 

Option 4: A cable operator has every right to show repeatedly any match/event to its subscribers just as it shows every other event, as the logo of the broadcaster is always visible to the audience. Hence, the knowledge that rights to the match lie with the specific broadcaster and not the cable operator is known to all. The cable operator merely recorded the match and replayed it for its audience.