In Passage II, some known and experimented causes for “Autism” are

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage - I
Picture perfect, a healthy happy baby. Then at fifteen months, just like every other baby, Russell Rollins got his measles, mumps and rubella vaccination. He had a very physical reaction to those vaccines including a high pitched scream and days of high-pitched crying and listlessness, says his father. Ten years later those problems continue. Russell Rollins is autistic. How do you describe what you go through as the parent of an autistic child? asks Rusty Dornin. It's a living hell. It's a living hell for everyone involved. It's a living hell for my son, who suffers terribly from this disorder, says his father. And it's a struggle that most autistic kids go through in the classroom. Here at the ABC School for Autistic Children, classes are full. Are you seeing bigger numbers? More kids knocking at the door to get in places like this? asks Rusty Dornin. The director of the school replies, Yes, both in our school and in our in home services, even in comparison to last year. We probably have fifteen more kids than we had the year previous.
And parents are asking questions. No one knows what causes the brain development disorder. But Rick Rollins, who has become an activist for autism, thinks the vaccine is connected. Thirty-three percent of new families with children with autism believe the vaccine played a role in the development of their child's autism. But a recent well-respected Danish study found no links between vaccinations and autism. Epidemiologist and pediatrician Robert Byrd doesn't believe the measles vaccine is a problem. But he says a concern about what is in some vaccinations is justified. Byrd applauds the removal last year of a small amount of mercury used as a preservative in some vaccines. To have anything that is potentially harmful packaged with something that is supposed to be entirely good is a bad package.” Byrd authored a recently study that ruled out better testing and population increases as possible causes for California's dramatic increase. He believes what is happening here is probably happening nationwide. California has the only system for registering autistic children.
There is no biological test for autism. Some researchers believe there could be a connection between genetics and the environment. Rick Rollins knows vaccines are only one possibility. Do you believe there could be other factors? asks Rusty Dornin. Absolutely! I don't think anyone in any area of research in autism believes there is one single cause. We worry day and night about his future. Who is going to take care of him when we are gone? asks Rick Rollins.

Passage - II
It is generally accepted that autism is caused by abnormalities in brain structures or functions. The brain of a fetus develops throughout pregnancy, and, at the time of birth, has become a complex organ with distinct regions and subregions, each with a precise set of functions and responsibilities. Scientists are learning that a number of problems may interfere with the brain's development. For example, certain types of cells may migrate to places in the brain where they are not meant to be. Some parts of the brain's intricate communication network may disrupt the overall task of coordinating sensory information, thoughts, feelings and actions. Among the possible factors contributing to autism is heredity. Several studies involving twins suggest that autism can be inherited. This is also supported by findings that suggest parents who have one child with autism are at slightly increased risk for having more than one child with autism. While no one gene has been identified as causing autism, researchers are searching for irregular segments of the genetic code that autistic children may have inherited. It also appears that some children are born with a unsceptibility to autism, but researchers have not yet identified a single trigger that causes autism to develop. Another potential factor in the development of autism is the pregnancy period itself. As the brain grows and develops during pregnancy, anything that disrupts normal brain development may have lifelong effects on the child's sensory, language, social and mental functioning. For this reason, certain conditions, such as the mother's health during pregnancy or problems involving the delivery, are being researched to see if they interfere with normal brain development. Individuals who have certain medical conditions seem to be more at risk for autism. These conditions include Fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, congenital rubella syndrome, and untreated phenylketonuria (PKU). An area of controversy and concern in the autism community is the link between vaccinations and autism. In particular, vaccines which contained thimerosal (a mercury-based preservative) are believed by some to be associated with the development of autism.Another area of controversy is whether the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine is linked with autism. In a 2001 investigation by the Institute of Medicine, an expert committee concluded that the evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship.... between MMR vaccines and autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). Moreover, a recent Danish study of the health records of over 530,000 children in Europe found that the rate of autism was virtually the same for children who had received the MMR vaccine and those who had not. While many researchers note that there is no definitive proof of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism, most agree that more research is needed.

Question

Multiple choice

In Passage II, some known and experimented causes for “Autism” are

Directions: Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the twin passage.

Passage - I
Picture perfect, a healthy happy baby. Then at fifteen months, just like every other baby, Russell Rollins got his measles, mumps and rubella vaccination. He had a very physical reaction to those vaccines including a high pitched scream and days of high-pitched crying and listlessness, says his father. Ten years later those problems continue. Russell Rollins is autistic. How do you describe what you go through as the parent of an autistic child? asks Rusty Dornin. It's a living hell. It's a living hell for everyone involved. It's a living hell for my son, who suffers terribly from this disorder, says his father. And it's a struggle that most autistic kids go through in the classroom. Here at the ABC School for Autistic Children, classes are full. Are you seeing bigger numbers? More kids knocking at the door to get in places like this? asks Rusty Dornin. The director of the school replies, Yes, both in our school and in our in home services, even in comparison to last year. We probably have fifteen more kids than we had the year previous.
And parents are asking questions. No one knows what causes the brain development disorder. But Rick Rollins, who has become an activist for autism, thinks the vaccine is connected. Thirty-three percent of new families with children with autism believe the vaccine played a role in the development of their child's autism. But a recent well-respected Danish study found no links between vaccinations and autism. Epidemiologist and pediatrician Robert Byrd doesn't believe the measles vaccine is a problem. But he says a concern about what is in some vaccinations is justified. Byrd applauds the removal last year of a small amount of mercury used as a preservative in some vaccines. To have anything that is potentially harmful packaged with something that is supposed to be entirely good is a bad package.” Byrd authored a recently study that ruled out better testing and population increases as possible causes for California's dramatic increase. He believes what is happening here is probably happening nationwide. California has the only system for registering autistic children.
There is no biological test for autism. Some researchers believe there could be a connection between genetics and the environment. Rick Rollins knows vaccines are only one possibility. Do you believe there could be other factors? asks Rusty Dornin. Absolutely! I don't think anyone in any area of research in autism believes there is one single cause. We worry day and night about his future. Who is going to take care of him when we are gone? asks Rick Rollins.

Passage - II
It is generally accepted that autism is caused by abnormalities in brain structures or functions. The brain of a fetus develops throughout pregnancy, and, at the time of birth, has become a complex organ with distinct regions and subregions, each with a precise set of functions and responsibilities. Scientists are learning that a number of problems may interfere with the brain's development. For example, certain types of cells may migrate to places in the brain where they are not meant to be. Some parts of the brain's intricate communication network may disrupt the overall task of coordinating sensory information, thoughts, feelings and actions. Among the possible factors contributing to autism is heredity. Several studies involving twins suggest that autism can be inherited. This is also supported by findings that suggest parents who have one child with autism are at slightly increased risk for having more than one child with autism. While no one gene has been identified as causing autism, researchers are searching for irregular segments of the genetic code that autistic children may have inherited. It also appears that some children are born with a unsceptibility to autism, but researchers have not yet identified a single trigger that causes autism to develop. Another potential factor in the development of autism is the pregnancy period itself. As the brain grows and develops during pregnancy, anything that disrupts normal brain development may have lifelong effects on the child's sensory, language, social and mental functioning. For this reason, certain conditions, such as the mother's health during pregnancy or problems involving the delivery, are being researched to see if they interfere with normal brain development. Individuals who have certain medical conditions seem to be more at risk for autism. These conditions include Fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, congenital rubella syndrome, and untreated phenylketonuria (PKU). An area of controversy and concern in the autism community is the link between vaccinations and autism. In particular, vaccines which contained thimerosal (a mercury-based preservative) are believed by some to be associated with the development of autism.Another area of controversy is whether the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine is linked with autism. In a 2001 investigation by the Institute of Medicine, an expert committee concluded that the evidence favors rejection of a causal relationship.... between MMR vaccines and autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). Moreover, a recent Danish study of the health records of over 530,000 children in Europe found that the rate of autism was virtually the same for children who had received the MMR vaccine and those who had not. While many researchers note that there is no definitive proof of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism, most agree that more research is needed.

migration of cells to places in the brain where they are not meant to be
hereditary problem
connection of the disease with various other vaccines

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Accepted Answer

connection of the disease with MMR Vaccine

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