Fire is a result of all of the following except :

passage

Halons, a group of chlorofluorobromo ethane and methane derivatives, are exceptionally good fire extinguishing agents, which are effective and safe. Advanced countries realised the advantages of halon fire extinguishers in 1960s and standardised on Halons to replace Carbon dioxide, Methyl/Ethyl hromide, and other fire extinguishers.
Fire is a result of fuel, energy and oxygen. In order to extinguish fire, one or more of these elements will have to be removed. While conventional agents like carbon dioxide, DCP, water, sand, etc, put out fire only by means of creating physical barrier between the flames and the surrounding oxygen, , i.e. by amothering the fire, halons work in three ways: Physically cool the area, create a barrier between the flames and surrounding oxygen and chemically release bromine atoms in the heat of fire. These bromine atoms combine with reactive components of fire and thus kill the fire.
No real life falls into any single category as per standard classification, based on different materials involved in fire. The extinguishing medium then has to be effective against all classes of fire. Halons are most effective, among various fire extinguishers know, for all types of common fires, viz. Class A, B and C.
Several attributes of halons which contribute to its superiority over conventional agents are:
The versatility of halons I fighting all kinds of common fires makes it indispensable in several applications such as operation theatres, explosive factories, steel plants, oil refineries, etc.
Halons are safe upto 1,00,000 Volts. This non conductivity makes it ideal for cable galleries, thermal/nuclear power generating stations, transformer/oil switches, rotating equipment, etc.
The low toxicity of halons makes it essential for the areas which are normally occupied by human beings. For example. Telecommunications transmitting and receiving stations, telephone exchange, control rooms, air control towers, T.V. centres, X-rays rooms, railways, etc.
Halons leave no residue after use and hence do not damage the documents and valuable properties. Hence it becomes most suitable for locations, having objects of high value such as computer rooms, delicate electronic equipment, radar stations, museums, archives, libraries, stock exchanges , banks, press/mints, etc.
Halons are more effective and thus are capable of rapid and complete extinguishing of fires at low concentrations. For example. Halon 1211 is 2.5 times more effective than carbon dioxide. As a result, it is a solution for fires in aircraft, tanks, armoured carriers, motor vehicles, ships, submarines, etc.
Halons being light weight with an extremely low freezing point, it is the ideal fire extinguisher at high altitudes and also at places where the availability of water and space is limited. Halons also permit clear vision during fire fighting operations.
Commensurate with halons\\' superior fire fighting capabilities, developed countries have so far produced 2,95,000 MTs of halons during the last 30 years, and still continue to do so. Infact 1,40,000 MTs of halons have been banked to meet the critical and strategic requirements in developed countries when the manufacture of halons will be phased out.
Halons, the best fire extinguisher known to mankind, is criticised for its ozone depleting potential and is a controlled substance under the Montreal Protocol, leading to its phase out in the near future.
However, India being a developing country, Article 5 of the Montreal Protocol gives it a grace period of ten years, and hence India will be allowed to use it for all applications till 2010 A..D., and thereafter for all essential used till a suitable alternative is made available. As per the Montreal Protocol, India is allowed to use 40,000 TPA of Halons, but it is expected to have a production of 2,300 TPA in the period of 1995-97, which forms the base year as per the Protocol.
Halons entered the India Fire Services (Defence and Civil)are slowly in the early\\' 80s. If the statutes of the Montreal Protocol are not tapped, a combination of two things detrimental to the country would occur i.e. damage due to fire being fought by inefficient fire fighting, loss of life and loss of costly installations, and needless import of costly substitutes on large scale.

Question

Multiple choice

Fire is a result of all of the following except :

passage

Halons, a group of chlorofluorobromo ethane and methane derivatives, are exceptionally good fire extinguishing agents, which are effective and safe. Advanced countries realised the advantages of halon fire extinguishers in 1960s and standardised on Halons to replace Carbon dioxide, Methyl/Ethyl hromide, and other fire extinguishers.
Fire is a result of fuel, energy and oxygen. In order to extinguish fire, one or more of these elements will have to be removed. While conventional agents like carbon dioxide, DCP, water, sand, etc, put out fire only by means of creating physical barrier between the flames and the surrounding oxygen, , i.e. by amothering the fire, halons work in three ways: Physically cool the area, create a barrier between the flames and surrounding oxygen and chemically release bromine atoms in the heat of fire. These bromine atoms combine with reactive components of fire and thus kill the fire.
No real life falls into any single category as per standard classification, based on different materials involved in fire. The extinguishing medium then has to be effective against all classes of fire. Halons are most effective, among various fire extinguishers know, for all types of common fires, viz. Class A, B and C.
Several attributes of halons which contribute to its superiority over conventional agents are:
The versatility of halons I fighting all kinds of common fires makes it indispensable in several applications such as operation theatres, explosive factories, steel plants, oil refineries, etc.
Halons are safe upto 1,00,000 Volts. This non conductivity makes it ideal for cable galleries, thermal/nuclear power generating stations, transformer/oil switches, rotating equipment, etc.
The low toxicity of halons makes it essential for the areas which are normally occupied by human beings. For example. Telecommunications transmitting and receiving stations, telephone exchange, control rooms, air control towers, T.V. centres, X-rays rooms, railways, etc.
Halons leave no residue after use and hence do not damage the documents and valuable properties. Hence it becomes most suitable for locations, having objects of high value such as computer rooms, delicate electronic equipment, radar stations, museums, archives, libraries, stock exchanges , banks, press/mints, etc.
Halons are more effective and thus are capable of rapid and complete extinguishing of fires at low concentrations. For example. Halon 1211 is 2.5 times more effective than carbon dioxide. As a result, it is a solution for fires in aircraft, tanks, armoured carriers, motor vehicles, ships, submarines, etc.
Halons being light weight with an extremely low freezing point, it is the ideal fire extinguisher at high altitudes and also at places where the availability of water and space is limited. Halons also permit clear vision during fire fighting operations.
Commensurate with halons\\' superior fire fighting capabilities, developed countries have so far produced 2,95,000 MTs of halons during the last 30 years, and still continue to do so. Infact 1,40,000 MTs of halons have been banked to meet the critical and strategic requirements in developed countries when the manufacture of halons will be phased out.
Halons, the best fire extinguisher known to mankind, is criticised for its ozone depleting potential and is a controlled substance under the Montreal Protocol, leading to its phase out in the near future.
However, India being a developing country, Article 5 of the Montreal Protocol gives it a grace period of ten years, and hence India will be allowed to use it for all applications till 2010 A..D., and thereafter for all essential used till a suitable alternative is made available. As per the Montreal Protocol, India is allowed to use 40,000 TPA of Halons, but it is expected to have a production of 2,300 TPA in the period of 1995-97, which forms the base year as per the Protocol.
Halons entered the India Fire Services (Defence and Civil)are slowly in the early\\' 80s. If the statutes of the Montreal Protocol are not tapped, a combination of two things detrimental to the country would occur i.e. damage due to fire being fought by inefficient fire fighting, loss of life and loss of costly installations, and needless import of costly substitutes on large scale.

wind
fuel
energy
oxygen

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Answer 1

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