The gaseous exchange occurs over the area, which is thin and moist, and has a huge surface area and is richly supplied by blood. These are the properties of alveoli.
On the contrary, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles are passages of the respiratory system, which lead to the alveoli. But, exchange of gases cannot occur here because they are not thin and are not richly supplied with blood to allow quick diffusion of gases for exchange.