The Prarthana Samaj (Prayer Society) was established in 1867 by Mahadev Govind Ranade in Bombay. It was a Hindu reform movement that emphasized rationalism, monotheism, and social reform while staying within Hinduism. Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahmo Samaj, Vidyasagar was a social reformer in Bengal, and Jyotiba Phule worked for lower caste rights in Maharashtra.