Manganese (Mn) is an essential cofactor in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II. The OEC contains a Mn4CaO5 cluster that catalyzes the water-splitting reaction during photosynthesis, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. This cluster cycles through different oxidation states (S0-S4) to extract electrons from water molecules, making Mn indispensable for oxygen evolution.