Multiple choice

The number of flip-flops required in a modulo N counter is

  1. log 2(N) +1

  2. [log2(N)2]

  3. [log2(N)]

  4. log2(N - 1)
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C Correct answer
Explanation

A modulo N counter cycles through N distinct states (0 to N-1). To represent N states, we need ⌈log₂N⌉ flip-flops. For example, a mod-8 counter needs 3 flip-flops (2³=8), a mod-5 counter needs 3 flip-flops (2²=4 < 5 ≤ 8=2³). The ceiling function ensures we have enough capacity.

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