Humans have 26 distinct vertebral bones in their spinal column: 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck, 12 thoracic vertebrae in the upper back, 5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back, 1 sacrum (fused from 5 vertebrae), and 1 coccyx (fused from 3-5 vertebrae). While 33 individual vertebrae initially form, many fuse together during development to create the 26 distinct bones.