Directions: Which of the given options best represents the information in the reading passage? Choose the appropriate number (1 – 4).

Which discovery helped Einstein to win the Nobel Prize?

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ALBERT EINSTEIN
Albert Einstein is perhaps one of the most celebrated scientists in history, especially for the 20th century. His work in physics led to an era of new discoveries and knowledge of our universe. He is however, not just known for his famous equation e= mc2, but he is also known for his contributions to other fields in science. Without Einstein, we would not have computers, be able to travel into space or have a deeper understanding of our own biology, of outer space, time and the universe.
His first major discovery was made while he was pursuing his doctorate. This discovery was the formula that could accurately describe Brownian motion which is the movement of particles in a fluid, such as liquid or gas. The idea that the motion of particles can be explained by their interaction on the molecular level has been around since ancient times. Einstein however was the first to develop an accurate mathematical model for this movement. What is fascinating is that at one point it was considered to be incorrect. Einstein, through further experimentation, proved it otherwise.
His next discovery was even more amazing and helped to build the foundation of quantum physics. This was the discovery of the quantum nature of the photoelectric effect. This phenomenon had been observed by other scientists for some time. The effect comes about when light strikes certain types of photosensitive materials. In response, these materials emit electrons. According to classical theory, it was thought that light was a wave of pure energy. If this was so, then the intensity of the light would increase the energy of the electrons being emitted. What actually happens is that increased intensity of light only increases the amount of electrons being released, but does not increase their energy. Something was not right with this model and Einstein offered an alternative. Einstein proposed that light was not just a wave of energy, but a series of particles with a specific energy. This was the proposal of light being comprised of photons and this led to his winning the Nobel Prize for science in 1921.