Multiple choice

Which of the following privileges can only be granted to a user and NOT to a role?

  1. DELETE

  2. ALTER

  3. INSERT

  4. REFERENCES
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D Correct answer
Explanation

The REFERENCES privilege (and the corresponding REFERENCES object privilege) is unique in Oracle - it can only be granted to specific users, not to roles. This security restriction prevents roles from being used as a backdoor to grant foreign key constraints. All other object privileges like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, and EXECUTE can be granted to either users or roles.

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