Sharan Rani Mathur (1929-2008), also known as Sharan Rani Backliwal, was a pioneering Indian classical musician and one of the first women to master the Sarod, a string instrument predominantly played by men in the Hindustani classical tradition. She received training from the legendary Ustad Ali Akbar Khan and was often called the 'Sarod Queen' for her exceptional mastery of this difficult instrument.